{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:53:18Z","timestamp":1791381198015,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Semantic associative processing is essential for language, cognition, and communication and is frequently impaired in neurodegenerative disorders. However, no brief Turkish instrument currently assesses semantic associations across both abstract and concrete conceptual domains. This study aimed to develop the Turkish Semantic Association Test (SEMAT), establish normative data, and examine selected psychometric properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SEMAT was developed using stimuli representing abstract, biological, and manmade concepts. Face validity was evaluated through expert review and pilot testing. Normative data were obtained from 365 cognitively healthy Turkish\u2010speaking adults aged 53\u201382 years. Demographic effects were examined using multiple regression analyses, with age, education, and sex entered simultaneously as predictors. Given the bounded, negatively skewed score distributions and substantial ceiling effects, empirical percentile\u2010based norms were generated. Internal consistency and convergent validity were assessed using semantic measures from the Batterie d\u2019\u00c9valuation Cognitive du Langage (BECLA\u2010Tr). Item\u2010level difficulty and discrimination were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Educational attainment was the only demographic variable independently associated with performance across all SEMAT scores, supporting education\u2010adjusted norms. The SEMAT demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's \u03b1 = 0.88; McDonald's \u03c9 = 0.92). Significant correlations were observed between SEMAT scores and the BECLA\u2010Tr semantic composite (\u03c1 = 0.41\u20130.54, all p &lt; 0.001), supporting convergent validity. Item\u2010level analyses showed generally high accuracy and positive but variable discrimination across items.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that the SEMAT is a brief, culturally appropriate, and psychometrically sound measure of semantic associative processing with preliminary evidence of reliability and convergent validity and with education\u2010adjusted normative reference data for cognitively healthy middle\u2010aged and older Turkish\u2010speaking adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:07:36Z","timestamp":1791378456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development, Normative Data, and Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Semantic Association Test (SEMAT) for Middle\u2010Aged and Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9604-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samet","family":"Tosun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Language Therapy Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-9219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenise Selin","family":"Karal\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech and Language Therapy Biruni University  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6661-430X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"Macoir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Des Sciences de La R\u00e9adaptation, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"},{"name":"CERVO Brain Research Centre  Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010\u20109452(08)70404\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aksan Y. 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