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Recent studies have proposed a new role for cytokines in the pathogenesis of depression. We aimed to assess differential gene expression related to depression in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> patients treated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0+\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBV<\/jats:styled-content>. We included 67 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> patients being treated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PEG<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>+<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBV<\/jats:styled-content>. Of the entire study cohort, 22% had pre\u2010existing depression, while another 37% developed new depression in course of the treatment. Pretreatment blood samples were collected into PAXgene<jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> tubes, the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>s) were used for one step <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> to profile 160 m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>s. Differentially expressed genes were separated into up\u2010 and down\u2010regulated genes according to presence or absence of depression at baseline (pre\u2010existing depression) or following the initiation of treatment (treatment\u2010related depression). The m<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression profile associated with any depression and with treatment\u2010related depression included four and six genes, respectively. Our data demonstrate a significant down\u2010regulation of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21 and the shift of Th1\u2010Th2 cytokine balance in the depression associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010based treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. We propose that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21 plays an important role in the imbalance of Th1\/Th2 in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> and depression. With further validation, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b21 and other components of Th1\/Th2 regulation pathway may provide a future marker for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CH<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> patients predisposed to depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.72","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]],"date-time":"2012-07-06T10:48:10Z","timestamp":1341571690000},"page":"525-531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gene expression profiles associated with depression in patients with chronic hepatitis <scp>C<\/scp> (<scp>CH<\/scp>\u2010C)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Aybike","family":"Birerdinc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Liver Disease Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"},{"name":"School of Systems Biology College of Science George Mason University Fairfax Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arian","family":"Afendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Liver Disease Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"},{"name":"Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Stepanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Liver Disease Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"},{"name":"Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issah","family":"Younossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ancha","family":"Baranova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Liver Disease Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"},{"name":"School of Systems Biology College of Science George Mason University Fairfax Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zobair M.","family":"Younossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Liver Disease Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"},{"name":"Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research Inova Health System Falls Church Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1636092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C infection","volume":"52","author":"Bondini S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol. 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