{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:37:50Z","timestamp":1782283070245,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,16]],"date-time":"2017-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1500163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004588","name":"Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finanziamento dei Programmi di Ricerca 2013\u20132015, Prot. 55\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finanziamento dei Programmi di Ricerca 2013\u20132015, Prot. 55\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004588","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerche Universitarie, anno 2015, C26A15WTF4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerche Universitarie, anno 2015, C26A15WTF4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of cognition, mood, anxiety, and pain, and can impact cognitive functions by producing neuroactive substances or releasing bacterial by\u2010products and metabolites. No information is available on the effects of a probiotic supplementation on brain function of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+ subjects. In light of the above considerations, we performed a pilot study in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cART<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010treated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u2010positive patients with long\u2010term virologic suppression. The aims were to analyze the effect of high\u2010concentration multistrain probiotic supplementation (Vivomixx\u00ae; Visbiome\u00ae) on several neurocognitive abilities and to evaluate the safety of this supplementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address those issues, neurocognitive performances were explored by administering neuropsychological tests; moreover, mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u201029a\u2010c levels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>) to confirm the persistent undetectable levels of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>in the central nervous system after probiotic supplementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that the Rey auditory verbal learning test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RAVLT<\/jats:styled-content>) (immediate and delayed recall), Rey\u2010Osterrieth complex figure test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ROCF<\/jats:styled-content>) (copy immediate and delayed recall), phonological verbal fluency (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVF<\/jats:styled-content>) test, Toronto alexithymia scale\u201020 (Tas\u201020), State\u2010trait anxiety inventory Y\u20102 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STAY<\/jats:styled-content>Y\u20102), and time and weight estimation test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STEP<\/jats:styled-content>) scores improved significantly during the study. Moreover, we found unchanged levels, associated to high degree of individual variability, in mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u201029 levels in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>collected before and after probiotic supplementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, we observed that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>patients treated with 6\u00a0months of this probiotic supplementation appear to have an improvement in some neurocognitive functions; moreover, this approach is safe and did not modify significantly the levels of mi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>. Further studies are needed to better understand the contribution of the probiotics in modulating gut\u2013brain\u2010axis in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,17]],"date-time":"2017-07-17T02:02:38Z","timestamp":1500256958000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["A pilot study on the effects of probiotic supplementation on neuropsychological performance and micro<scp>RNA<\/scp>\u201029a\u2010c levels in antiretroviral\u2010treated<scp>HIV<\/scp>\u20101\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy"},{"name":"Pasteur Institute\u2010Cenci Bolognetti 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