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Oxiracetam and electrical stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus may have beneficial impacts. This study was to investigate the effects of preconditioning with Oxiracetam or fastigial nucleus stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FNS<\/jats:styled-content>) on cognitive decline following the ascension to high altitude.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted on 60 male military voluntary members who were divided into control group, Oxiracetam group, and fastigial nucleus stimulation group. Transcranial doppler sonography, auditory evoked potential, electroencephalogram (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content>), and cognitive assessments were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>People could still suffer cognitive dysfunction at 4,000\u00a0m high altitude despite that they have lived at 1,800\u00a0m altitude for several years. The 4,000\u00a0m altitude environment also prolonged P300 and N200 latencies. Both Oxiracetam and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FNS<\/jats:styled-content> improved cognitive function, reduced the prolonged latencies of Event Related Potentials (P300 and N200), decreased the average velocity of brain arteries, and enhanced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EEG<\/jats:styled-content> power spectral entropy at 4,000\u00a0m altitude.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurophysiological evidences suggest the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairments. Both Oxiracetam and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FNS<\/jats:styled-content> can reduce cognitive decline post arrival at high altitude. 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