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A new method, functional T1 relaxation in the rotating frame (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fT<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03c1) is thought to reflect changes in local brain metabolism, likely<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pH<\/jats:styled-content>, and may more directly measure neuronal activity. These two methods were applied to study activation of the visual cortex in participants with bipolar disorder as compared to controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010nine participants with bipolar disorder and 32 healthy controls underwent functional neuroimaging during a flashing checkerboard paradigm. Functional images were acquired in alternating blocks of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fT<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03c1. Linear mixed\u2010effect models were used to examine the relationship between these two functional imaging modalities and to test whether that relationship was altered in bipolar disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fT<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03c1 signal were strongly related in visual and cerebellar areas during the task in controls. The relationship between these two measures was reduced in bipolar disorder within the visual areas, cerebellum, striatum, and thalamus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results support a distinct mechanisms underlying<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fT<\/jats:styled-content>1\u03c1 signals. The weakened relationship between these imaging modalities may provide a novel tool for measuring pathology in bipolar disorder and other psychiatric illnesses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,15]],"date-time":"2017-09-15T04:32:54Z","timestamp":1505449974000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relationship altered between functional T1\u03c1 and<scp>BOLD<\/scp>signals in bipolar disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0459-1568","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"Joseph J.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casey P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jess G.","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary E.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Wemmie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Iowa Neuroscience Institute University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent A.","family":"Magnotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12020169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.02235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260902962107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Studies on psychiatric disorders","author":"Dusi N.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans A. 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