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In neurotypical individuals, the impact of viewing co\u2010speech gestures representing an object and\/or action (i.e., iconic gesture) or speech rhythm (i.e., beat gesture) has also been observed at the neural level. Yet, despite growing evidence of delayed gesture development in children with autism spectrum disorders (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>), few studies have examined how the brain processes multimodal communicative cues occurring during everyday communication in individuals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>. Here, we used a previously validated functional magnetic resonance imaging (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>) paradigm to examine the neural processing of co\u2010speech beat gesture in children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> and matched controls. Consistent with prior observations in adults, typically developing children showed increased responses in right superior temporal gyrus and sulcus while listening to speech accompanied by beat gesture. Children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content>, however, exhibited no significant modulatory effects in secondary auditory cortices for the presence of co\u2010speech beat gesture. Rather, relative to their typically developing counterparts, children with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASD<\/jats:styled-content> showed significantly greater activity in visual cortex while listening to speech accompanied by beat gesture. Importantly, the severity of their socio\u2010communicative impairments correlated with activity in this region, such that the more impaired children demonstrated the greatest activity in visual areas while viewing co\u2010speech beat gesture. These findings suggest that although the typically developing brain recognizes beat gesture as communicative and successfully integrates it with co\u2010occurring speech, information from multiple sensory modalities is not effectively integrated during social communication in the autistic brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.81","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]],"date-time":"2012-08-10T09:42:59Z","timestamp":1344591779000},"page":"606-619","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Altered integration of speech and gesture in children with autism spectrum disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ahmanson\u2010Lovelace Brain Mapping Center University of California Los Angeles California"},{"name":"Department of Modern Languages Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Computational Brain Imaging Neural Information Analysis Laboratories Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"McNealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ahmanson\u2010Lovelace Brain Mapping Center University of California Los Angeles California"},{"name":"Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program University of California Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley A.","family":"Scott\u2010Van Zeeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ahmanson\u2010Lovelace Brain Mapping Center University of California Los Angeles California"},{"name":"Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program University of California Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Callan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Brain Imaging Neural Information Analysis Laboratories Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan Y.","family":"Bookheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirella","family":"Dapretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ahmanson\u2010Lovelace Brain Mapping Center University of California Los Angeles California"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01046399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4004.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4203.376"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(86)90053-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","article-title":"Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox [abstract]. 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