{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:33:36Z","timestamp":1759937616538,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,19]],"date-time":"2017-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1511049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate how the use of analgesics, sleeping drugs, and sedatives relates to prognosis and complications in stroke patients in the acute care phase (\u226448\u00a0hr) after a stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic attack were included. The study is based on gathering of data on medication from 921 patient records belonging to patients included in the Bergen <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NORSTROKE<\/jats:styled-content> registry, 12.2009\u201002.2012. In this database risk factors, stroke severity, etiology, and blood analyses were prospectively registered. We have retrospectively registered if patients received one drug or more from a list of analgesics, sleeping drugs, and sedatives within the first 48\u00a0hr after admission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 921 patients were included in the study, 408 females and 513 males. Mean age was 71.0\u00a0years. In total, 101 patients were given sleeping drugs, 97 patients sedatives and 140 patients analgesics. Of the group given analgesics, 90 patients were given codeine\u2010containing analgesics. Logistic regression analyses showed that codeine\u2010containing analgesics were associated with an increased occurrence of pneumonia (OR\u00a0=\u00a03.8, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), stroke worsening (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.7, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.001), and a higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010score (OR\u00a0=\u00a02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.024) day 7. The study did not show any relation between poorer prognosis or increased occurrence of complications and the use of other analgesics, sedatives and\/or sleeping drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Use of codeine\u2010containing analgesics is associated with a poorer short\u2010term prognosis and an increased occurrence of complications in the acute phase after a stroke. The highly significant findings suggest that codeine has a negative effect on acute stroke patients. The study reflects exploratory analyses and prospective studies are necessary to determine the background of the association observed in our study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]],"date-time":"2017-11-20T01:02:37Z","timestamp":1511139757000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Codeine is associated with poor prognosis in acute stroke"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7958-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stian T.","family":"Ryste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernt A.","family":"Engelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halvor","family":"Naess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Age\u2010Related Medicine Stavanger University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"744","article-title":"Cost\u2010estimates for stroke","volume":"127","author":"Fjaertoft H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening"},{"issue":"16","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"2084","article-title":"Problem forte\u2013is paracetamol\u2010codeine combination rational?","volume":"124","author":"Helland A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Helsetilsyn S.(1999).Scenario 2030. Sykdomsutviklingen for eldre fram til 2030; (6\u201099 utredningsserie.) (IK\u20102696). Oslo."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"984","volume-title":"Allmennmedisin","author":"Hunsk\u00e5r S.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.165345"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"814","article-title":"Patients with acute cerebral infarction admitted to stroke unit","volume":"131","author":"Naess H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"National guidelines for treatment and rehabilitation for ischemic stroke. (2010).3.8 Complications \u2010 prevention and treatment. Retrieved from:http:\/\/www.helsebiblioteket.no\/retningslinjer\/hjerneslag\/akuttfasen\/komplikasjoner"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Norsk legemiddelh\u00e5ndbok. (2016). L20.1.2.1.1 Kodein. 2016 05.01.2016. 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