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These divergent responses are thought to result from sustained functional changes in specific brain regions that modulate the cardiovascular responses to pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate brain regions that are functionally coupled to the generation of an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSNA<\/jats:styled-content> burst at rest and to determine their behavior during tonic muscle pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed concurrently with microelectrode recording of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSNA<\/jats:styled-content> from the common peroneal nerve during a 40\u00a0min infusion of hypertonic saline into the ipsilateral tibialis anterior muscle of 37 healthy human subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At rest, blood oxygen level\u2010dependent signal intensity coupled to bursts of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSNA<\/jats:styled-content> increased in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and precuneus and decreased in the region of the midbrain periaqueductal gray. During pain, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010coupled signal intensity was greater in the region of the nucleus tractus solitarius, midbrain periaqueductal gray, dorsolateral prefrontal, medial prefrontal, and anterior cingulate cortices, than at rest. Conversely, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010coupled signal intensity decreased during pain in parts of the prefrontal cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that multiple brain regions are recruited in a burst\u2010to\u2010burst manner, and the magnitude of these signal changes is correlated to the overall change in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSNA<\/jats:styled-content> amplitude during tonic muscle pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T05:10:46Z","timestamp":1517980246000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Muscle sympathetic nerve activity\u2010coupled changes in brain activity during sustained muscle pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"Kobuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Western Sydney University  Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azharuddin","family":"Fazalbhoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia  Sydney NSW Australia"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences RMIT University  Melbourne Vic. 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