{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T23:55:57Z","timestamp":1780530957020,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Competitive Research Funding of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9U029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9U029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>Changes in the tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1) have been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD<\/jats:styled-content>). Findings concerning the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT<\/jats:styled-content>) on the TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 level have been contradictory. The aim was to examine the immediate and long\u2010term changes in the TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 level and their associations with symptom reduction in patients with MDD<\/jats:styled-content> during ECT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Method<\/jats:title>The study included 30 patients with MDD<\/jats:styled-content>. Their TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 levels were measured at baseline and 2 and 4\u00a0hr after the first, fifth and last ECT<\/jats:styled-content> session. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Montgomery\u2010Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 level decreased from baseline to the 2\u2010 and 4\u2010hr measurements. There was a correlation between the first ECT<\/jats:styled-content> session TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 levels and the relative symptom reduction according to the MADRS<\/jats:styled-content> score after the ECT<\/jats:styled-content> series. Both the first (baseline) ECT<\/jats:styled-content> and 4\u2010hr TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 levels were lower in responders than in nonresponders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>ECT<\/jats:styled-content> consistently induced a decrease in the TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 level after each studied session. A low TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 level at the first ECT<\/jats:styled-content> appeared to predict a symptom reduction. These findings suggest that TNF<\/jats:styled-content>\u03b1 might have a role in the pathogenesis in MDD<\/jats:styled-content> and in the mechanism of action of ECT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T07:26:40Z","timestamp":1519284400000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Low tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 levels predict symptom reduction during electroconvulsive therapy in major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3565-2805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamari","family":"Sorri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry School of Medicine University of Tampere Tampere 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