{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:33:59Z","timestamp":1793644439267,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":249,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has become a critical threat to wildlife, shifting from a seasonal epizootic to a persistent, year\u2010round panzootic with global consequences. Here, we summarise the origin, evolutionary mechanisms, and expanding host range of the current H5N1 virus (clade 2.3.4.4b) and assess its impact on wildlife. Over the past 5\u2009years, HPAI has caused the deaths of millions of wild birds, causing dramatic population declines in several seabird species. Mortality records, however, are often anecdotal, focus on localised mass die\u2010offs, and thus represent only a fraction of the true mortality. This lack of quantitative data limits the ability to predict outbreak dynamics and mitigate long\u2010term consequences. Using the northwestern European Sandwich tern (\n                    <jats:italic>Thalasseus sandvicensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) population as a case study, we demonstrate the value of integrating mortality data with ecological, serological and genetic data before, during and after an outbreak. This approach uncovered age\u2010specific vulnerability, selective mortality, and population immunological responses, and provided insights into how breeding density, carcass removal, and host adaptation modulate outbreak dynamics. The absence of a centralised and standardised wildlife mortality monitoring framework, on the other hand, remains a major barrier to effective outbreak forecasting and conservation planning. We argue that integrating population and mortality monitoring, serological assays, and genetic analyses within a One Health framework is essential to enable early detection, targeted mitigation, and robust evaluation of outbreak impacts, and caution that without a proactive and data\u2010driven approach to conservation, HPAI will continue to threaten global wildlife populations, with cascading ecological, economic and public health consequences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/brv.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T12:31:42Z","timestamp":1778243502000},"page":"2190-2213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Counting cases, conserving species: addressing highly pathogenic avian influenza in wildlife"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6959-3033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Knief","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Biology and Ecology University of Freiburg, Institute of Biology I (Zoology)  Hauptstr. 1 Freiburg DE\u201079104 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4023-1578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Bouwhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Avian Research  An der Vogelwarte 21 Wilhelmshaven DE\u201026386 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1966-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Globig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut, Institute of International Animal Health\/One Health, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health  S\u00fcdufer 10 Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems DE\u201017493 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5176-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich\u2010Loeffler\u2010Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health  S\u00fcdufer 10 Greifswald\u2010Insel Riems DE\u201017493 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5806-0343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Courtens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Nature and Forest  Havenlaan 88, bus 73 Brussels 1000 Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061383"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060896"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001985"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/7602-041306R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"History of highly pathogenic avian influenza","volume":"28","author":"Alexander D. 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Breed A. C. Dewar M. Fijn R. C. Kuiken T. Serafini P. P. Uhart M. M. Vanstreels R. E. T.&Wille M.(2023).Continued expansion of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5 in wildlife in South America and incursions into the Antarctic region. 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CapeNature. Electronic file available athttps:\/\/www.capenature.co.za\/news\/2025\/avian\u2010influenza\u2010detected\u2010in\u2010western\u2010cape\u2010public\u2010urged\u2010to\u2010stay\u2010alert\u2010not\u2010alarmed."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr5181"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5038\/2074-1235.52.1.1566"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","unstructured":"*CBC Radio\u2010Canada(2025a).Around 50 dead Canada geese found on frozen river in Lockport Man. CBC Radio\u2010Canada. Electronic file available athttps:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/manitoba\/dead\u2010canada\u2010goose\u2010river\u2010lockport\u2010manitoba\u20109.7008431."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","unstructured":"*CBC Radio\u2010Canada(2025b).Die\u2010off of hundreds of birds something Manitoba hasn't experienced \u2018at this scale\u2019. CBC Radio\u2010Canada. 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Republic of South Africa Electronic file available athttps:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/mediarelease\/h5n1_marionisland."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00084"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1462546"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey233"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000806"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2023.07.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d44148-024-00345-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview December 2022\u2013March 2023","volume":"21","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview September \u2013 December 2021","volume":"19","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview December 2021 \u2013 March 2022","volume":"20","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview June \u2013 September 2022","volume":"20","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview April \u2013 June 2023","volume":"21","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview March \u2013 April 2023","volume":"21","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview September \u2013 December 2023","volume":"21","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview June \u2013 September 2023","volume":"21","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview June \u2013 September 2024","volume":"22","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview December 2024 \u2013 March 2025","volume":"23","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2025","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview September \u2013 December 2024","volume":"23","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2025","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview march \u2013 June 2024","volume":"22","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","article-title":"Avian influenza overview December 2023 \u2013 March 2024","volume":"22","author":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038745"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","unstructured":"*Else R.&Watson H.(2023).Rathlin bird report 2021\u20132022. 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