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This bias could influence the outcomes of biomedical research. This preference for male subjects has introduced a significant bias in preclinical animal studies, compromising the generalisability of research findings and potentially overlooking important sex differences in disease manifestation and response to therapies. This review highlights such sex differences in laboratory rodent behaviour, as observed through HCM systems. HCM provides an automated method for observing the behaviour of undisturbed animals in a familiar environment, offering valuable insights into sex\u2010specific differences in behaviour and disease progression. In particular, we emphasise how this technology revealed sex differences in spontaneous activity and behaviour in models of neurodegenerative diseases, while demonstrating that, contrary to common belief, female rodents are not more variable than males in their behaviour. We further discuss the reasons underlying the prevalent sex bias in research and advocate for the inclusion of both sexes in neuroscience and behavioural studies, to enhance the generalisability and informative value of preclinical research, avoid unethical waste of animals and resources, and thereby support the Three Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal use).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/brv.70184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:12:35Z","timestamp":1778735555000},"page":"2408-2426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["On the importance of including both sexes in animal studies \u2013 insights from home\u2010cage monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0161a","family":"\u010cater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana  Groblje 3 Dom\u017eale 1230 Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Du\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science  P\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed 815 Prague 10400 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bartelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Clinical Research Center St. Anne's University Hospital Brno  Peka\u0159sk\u00e1 53 Brno 602 00 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Mandillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology IBBC National Research Council CNR  Via E. 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