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Beaked whales (\n                    <jats:italic>Ziphiidae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), among the deepest\u2010diving and least understood marine mammals, remain particularly enigmatic due to their elusive behaviour and limited surface time. Although scientific research efforts have been organized around beaked whales since the 1970s, knowledge of their bioacoustics and responses to anthropogenic sound remains incomplete. Here, we synthesize over two decades of bioacoustic studies to reveal critical gaps in understanding their vulnerability to anthropogenic noise and propose urgent conservation measures in the Anthropocene. Beaked whales produce species\u2010specific frequency\u2010modulated echolocation clicks, with inverse scaling of biosonar frequency relative to body mass, showing evolutionary convergence in biosonar traits. Their specialized auditory anatomy, including unique acoustic pathways and waveguides, supports sensitivity to high\u2010frequency sound, with peak hearing sensitivity between 22 and 64\u2009kHz matching their echolocation spectra. Anthropogenic noise, especially naval sonar, can cause severe behavioural disruption, including foraging cessation, avoidance, abnormal diving, and potentially mass strandings linked to decompression sickness. Species\u2010specific sensitivity thresholds indicate that current noise criteria may not adequately protect beaked whales. Urgent evidence\u2010based conservation measures include expanding global acoustic monitoring, refining hearing assessments, quantifying population\u2010level noise impacts, implementing stricter sonar regulations, and establishing acoustic refugia to safeguard these vulnerable cetaceans in increasingly industrialized oceans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/brv.70204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:00:55Z","timestamp":1785290455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beaked whale bioacoustics: knowledge gaps, vulnerability, and conservation imperatives in the Anthropocene"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Lijun","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep\u2010sea Science and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences  Sanya 572000 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4977-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songhai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep\u2010sea Science and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences  Sanya 572000 China"},{"name":"The Innovation Research Center for Aquatic Mammals, and Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wuhan 430072 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0000557"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2011.00495.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00044.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1461915"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2010.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4356-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1150-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"A mass stranding of cetaceans caused by naval sonar in The Bahamas","volume":"8","author":"Balcomb K. 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