{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:35:48Z","timestamp":1787315748419,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Alzheimer's &amp; Dementia: Behavior &amp; Socioeconomics of Aging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined whether multilingualism modified the adverse effect of illiteracy on cognition among older Indian adults with low to no formal schooling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data came from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India\u2010Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02533,\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      age\u00a0=\u00a070.3 years, 84% illiterate, 24% multilingual, \u22644 years of education). Generalized linear models and propensity score matching assessed whether multilingualism modified the association between illiteracy and domain\u2010specific cognition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Illiteracy was negatively associated with cognition, while multilingualism was positively associated. While multilingualism did not buffer the association of illiteracy, it did increase the positive association of literacy with executive functioning and memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the detrimental effects of illiteracy on cognition, while multilingualism appears beneficial among older adults with low to no formal schooling. The benefits of multilingualism, however, were diminished in illiterate compared to literate older adults, suggesting that limited early\u2010life educational opportunities can weaken its contribution to cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>We examined if multilingualism buffers the negative impact of illiteracy on cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Illiteracy was associated with worse cognition, while multilingualism had a positive effect.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Multilingualism did not protect cognition from the negative effect of illiteracy.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>\n                            However, multilingualism strengthened the\n                            <jats:italic>positive impact of literacy<\/jats:italic>\n                            on cognition.\n                          <\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Results suggest that multilingualism's cognitive benefits vary by early\u2010life educational opportunities.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsa3.70018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:25:38Z","timestamp":1747355138000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The association between multilingualism and cognitive function among literate and illiterate older adults with low education in India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3266-2028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris M.","family":"Strangmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Brice\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Petrosyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Leonard Davis School of Gerontology University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay C.","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan School of Public Health  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Survey Research Center Institute for Social Research University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shrikanth","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Analysis and Interpretation Laboratory University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinkook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Economic and Social Research University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Economics University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4696-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Arce","family":"Renter\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The unique role of bilingualism among cognitive reserve\u2010enhancing factors","author":"Gallo F","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biling Lang Cogn"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021819900098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/lab.15002.bak"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Harvard T.H. 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