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Importantly, peer ratings were obtained by assessing not only the level at which participants actually bully other students but also whether participants help bullies to hurt the victim (assister), encourage bullies (reinforce), or help the victim of bullying (defender). Our results did not support the utility of differentiating between bullies, assisters, or reinforcers. Specifically, these bullying roles were highly intercorrelated, both concurrently and across school years, and they showed similar correlations with aggression and several characteristics often associated with aggression (i.e., conduct problems, callous\u2010unemotional traits, and positive expectancies about aggression). In contrast, ratings of defending designated a particularly prosocial group of students. Finally, whereas bullying appeared to be very similar in boys and girls, it was somewhat more stable across school years and was related to lower levels of prosocial behavior in boys, both of which could suggest that bullying may be somewhat more related to social group dynamics in girls. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.1000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T13:48:45Z","timestamp":1311688125000},"page":"677-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Gender Differences in the Assessment, Stability, and Correlates to Bullying Roles in Middle School Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ann Marie","family":"Crapanzano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Loyola University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Frick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of New Orleans"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of New Orleans"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Terranova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stephen F. 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