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In addition, there are special rules that must be followed when conducting research with criminal justice\u2010involved populations, particularly prisoners. The following case studies will explore the authors' experience of over 10\u2009years conducting pharmacotherapy research using methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone with criminal justice populations. The major obstacles and how they were overcome are presented. Finally, recommendations are provided with regard to implementing and conducting research with criminal justice populations. 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