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Functional limitations affecting cognition in both neurodevelopmental conditions stem directly from structural brain damage at a gross and molecular level, which usually impairs executive functioning among other cognitive skills. Executive functioning, which includes reasoning and impulse control, is the only neural system in the brain that involves c\n                    <jats:italic>onscious<\/jats:italic>\n                    thought. With respect to the law, impaired reasoning or rationality is an aspect of mens rea (\u201cguilty mind\u201d). When rationality is impaired by prenatal alcohol exposure, acts driven by strong emotion and urges can occur, which has obvious implications regarding criminal responsibility. The\n                    <jats:italic>Atkins<\/jats:italic>\n                    decision by the U.S. Supreme Court reflects the rationale that organically based brain dysfunction in executive skills reduces criminal culpability. We argue that people with FASD who have similar brain dysfunction likewise have reduced criminal responsibility.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T09:11:07Z","timestamp":1633857067000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Diminished culpability in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Novick Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Greenspan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational Psychology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2017.1302579"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00802.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Executive functions: What they are, how they work, and why they evolved","author":"Barkley R. 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