{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:20:54Z","timestamp":1782260454012,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sci &amp; The Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Researchers posit that stigma\u2010by\u2010association may account for the discrimination that exonerees experience post\u2010release. Exonerees who serve a longer prison sentence may experience more stigma than exonerees who spent less time in prison. Across two studies, we examined whether criminal history (exoneree, releasee, or control) or prison time (5 or 25\u00a0years) impacted landlords' willingness to rent their apartment. Authors responded to one\u2010bedroom apartment listings in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada, inquiring about unit availability. The rental inquiries were identical except for criminal history and prison time. Across both studies, results demonstrated that landlords were significantly less likely to respond, and indicate availability, to exonerees and releasees compared to control. Landlords discriminated against exonerees when the exoneree did not mention a formal exoneration (Study 1) and explicitly mentioned that he was exonerated by DNA evidence (Study 2). Prison time had no significant impact. A content analysis of landlords' replies revealed that exonerees and releasees experienced more subtle forms of discrimination compared to individuals without a criminal history. Together, our results demonstrate that individuals who were formerly incarcerated and associated with prison\u2014whether it be for 5\u00a0years or 25\u00a0years or a rightful or wrongful conviction\u2014experience housing discrimination upon their release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:03:31Z","timestamp":1674446611000},"page":"78-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Examining the effect of prison time on landlords' willingness to rent to exonerees: A test of the stigma\u2010by\u2010association framework"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8821-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah","family":"Hamovitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2674-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Pejic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2349-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesley","family":"Zannella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Behavioral Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-7494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason C.","family":"Deska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2010.57.3.448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"The shame of it all: Stigma and the political disenfranchisement of formerly convicted and incarcerated persons","volume":"36","author":"Austin R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Columbia Human Rights Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20101031(82)90069\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46743\/2160\u20103715\/2015.2400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hojo.12199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cjccj.46.2.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Beyond monetary compensation: The need for comprehensive services for the wrongfully convicted","volume":"28","author":"Chunias J. 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