{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T04:27:04Z","timestamp":1743740824576,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sci &amp; The Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Having addressed the nature and complexity of intersexuality including commonalities with and differences from the transgender condition, we now address major legal challenges to the bisexual status quo through the legal advancement of rights for intersexual persons. Identified here are four domains in which the rights of intersex individuals are being advanced through litigation and legislation: (a) Sex assignment at birth and in early childhood, including the individual's right to consent and self\u2010determination and to be spared from surgery that is not needed for medical reasons; (b) the right to change one's legal sex on legal documents such as birth certificates and passports, (c) the right of intersex persons to marry, and (d) the right not to be discriminated against. Within this legal framework, we identify commonalities with and differences from the struggle for rights within the transgender community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T07:58:57Z","timestamp":1736755137000},"page":"261-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The development of legal rights for intersex persons: Part II: Advancement"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Felthous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience Saint Louis University School of Medicine  Saint Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanchal","family":"Kahlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience Saint Louis University School of Medicine  Saint Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Attorney\u2010General (Commonwealth) v. Kevin 172 FLR 300 [2003]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"Attorney General v. Otahuhu family court N.Z.L.R. 603 (H.C. 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Bostock v. Clayton County. (2020).590 U.S. 140 S. Ct. 1731."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Boyd\u2010Barrett C.(2023).Babycenter. Retrieved November 17 2023 fromhttps:\/\/www.babycenter.com\/baby\/newborn-baby\/when-your-baby-isintersex_20000898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11673-018-9855-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett v. Corbett. (1970).2 all E.R. (P.).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5709.602-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Dana Alix Zzyym v. (2020).Michael R. Pompeo (slip opinion) United States court of appeals for the Tenth Circuit No. 18\u20131453."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479891993.001.0001"},{"volume-title":"Identity crisis","year":"2007","author":"Deutsche Welle (DW staff, jen)","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1"},{"volume-title":"Identity crisis","year":"2008","author":"Deutsche Welle (DW staff, jen)","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Deutsche Welle. (2024).Gender identity law passes in German parliament."},{"volume-title":"The shape of sex: Nonbinary gender from Genesis to the Renaissance","year":"2021","author":"DeVun L.","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doan L. Quadlin N. &Powell B.(2019).Americans' perceptions of transgender people's sex: Evidence from a national survey experiment. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2378023119852015","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023119852015"},{"volume-title":"Intersex in the age of ethics","year":"1999","author":"Dreger A. D.","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felthous A. R. &Kahlon C.(2024).The development of legal rights for intersex persons: Part I: Nature and complexity.","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2705"},{"volume-title":"Intersex embodiment? Legal frameworks beyond identity and disorder","year":"2023","author":"Garland F.","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Because of intersex: Intersexuality, Title VII, and the reality of discrimination \u2018because of\u2026 [perceived sex\u2019","volume":"34","author":"Gelfman I.","year":"2010","journal-title":"New York University Review (of) Law and Social Change"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","article-title":"U.S. court rules for Colorado \u2018intersex\u2019 veteran denied passport","author":"Goldberg B.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reuters"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"819","article-title":"You can't take it with you: Constitutional consequences of interstate gender\u2010identity rulings","volume":"80","author":"Greenberg J. A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Washington Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","article-title":"Germany: Landmark vote for trans rights law: Creates gender recognition procedure, upholds nondiscrimination","author":"Human Rights Watch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human Rights Watch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"Hyde v. Hyde & Woodmansee ALL ER rep 175 (1861\u201373)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"In the Marriage of C. and D. falsely called C (35 F.L.R. 340 overruled by Attorney General v. Kevin 2003)."},{"volume-title":"Fixing sex: Intersex, medical authority, and lived experiences","year":"2008","author":"Karkazis K.","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"Largent E.(2015).M.C. Aaronson \u2013 Update. Retrieved September 1 2023 fromhttps:\/\/blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu\/2015\/03\/05\/m-c-v-aaronson-update\/"},{"volume-title":"Not invisible: Debunking 10 intersex myths","year":"2018","author":"Leggette J.","key":"e_1_2_8_26_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","article-title":"First U.S. Person to have \u2018intersex\u2019 on birth certificate: \u2018There's power in knowing who you are\u2019","author":"Levin S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Guardian"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Intersex in 2018: Evaluating the limitations of informed consent in medical malpractice claims as a vehicle for gender justice","volume":"52","author":"Lowery C.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Columbia Journal of Law & Social Problems"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Transgender people and marriage law: Steps in the right direction","author":"Maker Y.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Gender and Law"},{"volume-title":"The German Cabinet has approved a plan to make it easier for people to legally change name, gender","year":"2023","author":"Moulson G.","key":"e_1_2_8_30_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"M.T. v. J.T. 355 A 2d 204 (N.J. 1976)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung AG. (2024).Selbstbestimmungsgesetz in deutschland: Neue Regelung ab 2024 \u2013 Was gilt?Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.nzz.ch\/international\/selbstbestimmungsgesetz-in-deutschland-neue-regelung-ab-2024-was-gilt-id.1841722"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","article-title":"Nation's first known intersex birth certificate issued in NYC","author":"O'hara M. E.","year":"2016","journal-title":"NBC News"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","article-title":"Americans\u2019 complex views on gender identity and transgender issues","author":"Parker K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pew Research Center\u2019s Social & Demographic Trends Project"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"1149","article-title":"Sex Trait Discrimination: Intersex People and Title VII After Bostock v. Clayton County","volume":"97","author":"Parry S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Washington Law Review"},{"volume-title":"Intersex and identity: The contested self","year":"2003","author":"Preves S. E.","key":"e_1_2_8_36_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","article-title":"Supreme court to confront despute over gender\u2010affirming care for transgender minors","author":"Quinn M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"CBS News"},{"volume-title":"Court upholds Tennessee ban on changing birth certificates","year":"2024","author":"Raymond N.","key":"e_1_2_8_38_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9781421441856"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"Re Kevin v. (2001).Attorney general for the Commonwealth 16 F FLR 404."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"Reuters(2019).Nonbinary? Intersex? 11 U.S. States issuing third gender IDs. Reuters. Retrieved November 17 2023 fromhttps:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-us-lgbt-lawmaking-idUSKCN1PP2N7\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"Scutti S.(2017 January 2).\u2018The Protocol of the Day was To Lie\u2019: NYC issues first US \u2018Intersex\u2019 birth certificate.https:\/\/fullcircleadoptions.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/NYC-issues-first-US-intersex-birth-certificate.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"Skrmetti J. Alvarado R. Blake M.et\u00a0al.In the Supreme court of the United States 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Critical intersex","author":"Spurgas A. K.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"Title VII. (1964).42 U.S.C. \u00a72000e\u20102(a)(1)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","unstructured":"Transsexuellengesetz \u2013 TSG. (1980).Gesetz \u00fcber die Anderung der Vornamen und die Feststellung der Geschlechtszugeh\u00f6vigkeit in besonderer F\u00e4llen."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"777","article-title":"Preferred private parts: Importing intersex autonomy for M.C. v. Aaronson","volume":"37","author":"White R. L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fordham International Law Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","unstructured":"W. v. W. (Physical intersex (Fam 111). (2001).FD 31 2000 why don\u2019t doctors perform tonsillectomies like they used to? Mental floss. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.mentalfloss.com\/posts\/tonsil-surgery-history"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","article-title":"A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality","volume":"1","author":"Zhou J.\u2010N.","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Transgenderism"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"Zzyym v. Pompeo 958 F.3d 1014 (10th Cir. 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","unstructured":"Zzyym v. (2018).Pompeo order United States district court for the district of Colorado No. 15\u2010cv\u201002362\u2010RBJ."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences &amp; the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bsl.2701","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T23:14:37Z","timestamp":1743722077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bsl.2701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bsl.2701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.2701","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-3936","1099-0798"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0735-3936"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-0798"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}