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Despite extensive trauma bonding research, few validated measures exist and studies addressing its manifestation in different cultures is limited. This study addressed these gaps by comparing findings from validation studies of the Trauma Bonding Scale for Adults (TBSA) among young adults aged 18\u201329 in the U.S. (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0619) and Kenya (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0538). Participants completed an anonymous Qualtrics XM survey containing demographic items, the TBSA, and a post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) measure. Findings revealed that PTSD correlated with and predicted trauma bonding in both U.S. and Kenyan samples despite differences in PTSD and trauma bonding symptoms between samples. Implications for forensic assessment, classification, and intervention are discussed, highlighting the need for valid trauma bonding assessment across settings to identify and address culturally diverse victims' needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T13:22:42Z","timestamp":1742736162000},"page":"374-384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Similarities and Differences in Trauma Bonding Among Young Adults in the U.S. and Kenya: Implications for Forensic Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Chenneville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of South Florida  Saint Petersburg Florida USA"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine University of Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klejdis","family":"Bilali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology University of South Florida  Saint Petersburg Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Wasilewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of South Florida  Saint Petersburg Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Criminology University of South Florida  Saint Petersburg Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA).2013.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.5th ed.American Psychiatric Publishing.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"volume-title":"Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road From the Late Teens through the Twenties","year":"2023","author":"Arnett J. 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