{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:18:55Z","timestamp":1792693135591,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sci &amp;amp; The Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intellectual disability (ID) equivalence describes conditions in which individuals function cognitively and adaptively at levels comparable to ID without meeting IQ\u2010based diagnostic criteria. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is characterised by impaired executive and adaptive functioning despite IQs often above the ID threshold, suggesting functional overlap with ID. This meta\u2010analytic study is the first to examine whether FASD and ID share vulnerabilities in interrogative suggestibility. Two PRISMA\u2010guided systematic searches of six databases were undertaken, and identified studies involving FASD or ID. Bayesian random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses were conducted on Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale\u20132 outcomes: Yield 1, Yield 2, Shift, and Total Suggestibility. Individuals with FASD showed levels of interrogative suggestibility comparable to, and sometimes exceeding, those with ID across all indices. Effect sizes were large for both groups, with particularly elevated Shift scores in individuals with FASD. Both groups are highly vulnerable to leading questions and interrogative pressure. Individuals with FASD may be especially prone to changing responses following negative feedback, highlighting important forensic interviewing implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.70052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:28:44Z","timestamp":1773030524000},"page":"450-460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FASD and Intellectual Disability Equivalence: A Meta\u2010Analysis of Suggestibility During Forensic Interviews"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Society University of Salford  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen Ikechukwu","family":"Azumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria  Nsukka Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Wheatcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Research Centre for Brain &amp; Behaviour Faculty of Health Innovation Technology &amp; Science Liverpool John Moores University  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attorney at Law  Salem Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Society University of Salford  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raja","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Society University of Salford  Manchester UK"},{"name":"FASD Specialist Behaviour Clinic, Surrey, and Borders Partnership NHS Foundation Trust  Redhill Surrey UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisli","family":"Gudjonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Kings College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie Novick","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association.2013.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.5th ed.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1297"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000387"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","volume-title":"Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Guidelines for Referral and Diagnosis","author":"Bertrand J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019605"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2171"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20103148.1995.tb00149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.11.030"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Intelligence and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Ferreira V. 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