{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:56:03Z","timestamp":1791089763451,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sci &amp; The Law"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Forensic medical certificates for victims of interpersonal violence describe psychological symptoms in unstructured prose, rarely explicit and requiring inference. To assess the feasibility of two extraction pipelines\u2014rule\u2010based and a locally served generative large language model\u2014in a French multicentric forensic network, and to identify variables usable without human verification. 110 randomly selected 2021 certificates from 12 ORFeAD units were processed by both pipelines: rule\u2010based (segmentation, lexicons, regular expressions, negation detection) and generative (Llama 3 8B, 4\u2010bit, Ollama, near\u2010default settings). 35 binary variables, 23 psychological or subjective, were coded by two forensic physicians with third\u2010party arbitration. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were computed per variable; 85% reliability defined usability. No inferential testing was performed. Specificity was high for most variables; sensitivity was heterogeneous and low for low\u2010prevalence symptoms. 24 of 35 variables met the threshold under at least one pipeline, 10 under both, 11 under neither. Processing required 0.1\u20130.15 CPU\u2010seconds per document versus 20\u201360 GPU\u2010seconds. Out of the box, the local model did not clearly outperform the rule\u2010based pipeline, at three orders of magnitude greater energy cost and requiring dedicated GPUs. Per\u2010variable qualification is a prerequisite for research use; neither pipeline supports individual\u2010level decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.70097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:44:16Z","timestamp":1791089056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rule\u2010Based Versus Generative Extraction of Psychological Symptoms From Forensic Medical Certificates: A Feasibility Study in the French ORFeAD Network"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Grisez","family":"Laure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tekliko SAS  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Outh\u2010Gauer","family":"Sophie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department Centre Hospitalier Sud Francilien  Corbeil\u2010Essonnes France"},{"name":"Institut m\u00e9dicol\u00e9gal Centre Hospitalier Sud Francilien  Corbeil\u2010Essonnes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chambre","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut m\u00e9dicol\u00e9gal Centre Hospitalier Sud Francilien  Corbeil\u2010Essonnes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laugier","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tekliko SAS  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-479X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lef\u00e8vre","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Sorbonne Paris Nord  Bobigny France"},{"name":"Institut de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les enjeux sociaux CNRS UMR8156 Inserm U997 EHESS USPN  Aubervilliers France"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de sant\u00e9 publique AP\u2010HP, H\u00f4pital Avicenne Unit\u00e9 innovation et traitement num\u00e9rique en sant\u00e9  Bobigny France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21700"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Workshop on Biomedical Natural Language Processing","author":"Berhe A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241268764"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jbin.2001.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","first-page":"4171","volume-title":"Proceedings of NAACL\u2010HLT 2019","author":"Devlin J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","unstructured":"French Penal Code.2002. \u201cArt. 222\u201011.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/codes\/article_lc\/LEGIARTI000006417626."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/msl.2010.010020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"Grattafiori A. A.Dubey A.Jauhri et\u00a0al.2024.The Llama 3 Herd of Models. arXiv:2407.21783.https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2407.21783."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","first-page":"8342","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACL 2020","author":"Gururangan S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"16207","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACL 2023","author":"Labrak Y.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","first-page":"7203","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACL 2020","author":"Martin L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","unstructured":"ORFeAD.2023. \u201cA French Forensic Network for the Federation Use and Analysis of Data.\u201dhttps:\/\/orfead.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00480"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"596","article-title":"FixMatch: Simplifying Semi\u2010Supervised Learning With Consistency and Confidence","volume":"33","author":"Sohn K.","year":"2020","journal-title":"NIPS\u201920 Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"CamemBERT\u2010bio: Un Mod\u00e8le de Langue Fran\u00e7ais Savoureux et meilleur pour la sant\u00e9","volume":"1","author":"Touchent R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Actes de CORIA\u2010TALN"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","unstructured":"Vaswani A. N.Shazeer N.Parmar et\u00a0al.2017. \u201cAttention Is all You Need\u201d.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.03762."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.11.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854813504405"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","unstructured":"WHO World Health Organization.1996. \u201cPrevention of Violence: Public Health Priority.\u201dhttps:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/179463."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","unstructured":"WHO World Health Organization.2002. \u201cWorld Report on Violence and Health.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241545615."}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences &amp; the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bsl.70097","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/bsl.70097","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bsl.70097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:44:26Z","timestamp":1791089066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bsl.70097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bsl.70097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.70097","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-3936","1099-0798"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-3936","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0798","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-10-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"bsl.70097"}}