{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T03:40:29Z","timestamp":1792208429295,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sci &amp; The Law"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The imposition of preventive sanctions on offenders\u2014ranging from preventive detention to community supervision\u2014generally requires that the offender is held to be \u201cdangerous\u201d: a legal \u201cdangerousness criterion\u201d must be met. This article shows that in Dutch criminal law, these dangerousness criteria are vague. They fail to define, or define in an insufficiently precise way, the type, severity, probability, and time frame of future harm that must be established to fulfill the dangerousness criterion. Drawing on theory on vagueness in law, it is argued that vague dangerousness criteria are undesirable. The vagueness of these criteria renders the decision of whether they are satisfied discretionary. Consequently, courts possess an almost unrestricted power to impose preventive sanctions on offenders. This is incompatible with the rule of law and increases the risk of the overuse of these sanctions. It is therefore advocated that clearer, more precise dangerousness criteria are needed in the Netherlands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.70101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:49:12Z","timestamp":1792205352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dangerously Vague: The Indeterminacy of Dangerousness Criteria of Preventive Sanctions in Dutch Criminal Law"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6542-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"de Vries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transboundary Legal Studies Faculty of Law University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198712527.001.0001","volume-title":"Preventive Justice","author":"Ashworth A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"De repressieve samenleving: Vanuit civiel\u2010, bestuurs\u2010 en strafrechtelijk perspectief [The Repressive Society: Perspectives of Civil, Administrative, and Criminal Law]","author":"Bijlsma J.","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"357","article-title":"Stoornis en gevaar: een aanzet tot onderzoek naar een alternatief voor tbs [Disorder and Dangerousness: A Call for Research Into an Alternative to TBS]","author":"Bijlsma J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Delikt en Delinkwent"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"Materieel strafrecht: over algemene leerstukken van strafrechtelijke aansprakelijkheid naar Nederlands recht [Substantive Criminal Law: On General Principles of Criminal Liability Under Dutch Law]","author":"Hullu J.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","series-title":"Nationaal Rapporteur Mensenhandel en Seksueel Geweld tegen Kinderen [National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children]","volume-title":"Gewogen risico. Deel 2: behandeling opleggen aan zedendelinquenten [Weighted risk. Part 2: Mandatory Treatment for Sex Offenders]","author":"Dettmeijer\u2010Vermeulen C. E.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5553\/proces\/016500762021100005005"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Voorlopige hechtenis op de recidivegronden: hoe recidivegevaarlijk moet de verdachte zijn? [Pretrial Detention Based on the Risk of Recidivism: How High a Risk Must the Suspect Pose?]","author":"Vries G. M","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMThemis"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"Wat voegt de vrijheidsbeperkende maatregel toe? Een jurisprudentieonderzoek naar de toepassing van de maatregel van artikel 38v Sr [What Does the Freedom\u2010Restricting Measure Add? A Case Law Study on the Application of the Measure of Article 38v of the Dutch Criminal Code]","author":"Vries G. 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[Dangerousness Criteria in Criminal Sanctions Law: A Risky Mix?]","author":"Struijk S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ars Aequi"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","unstructured":"Supreme Court of the Netherlands.2014.ECLI:NL:HR:2014:56."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Te gek, te gewoon, te vaag, te vreemd: wie hoort er eigenlijk (niet) thuis in de tbs? [Too Extreme, Too Ordinary, Too Vague, Too Strange: Who Belongs (or Doesn\u2019t Belong) in TBS?]","author":"der Wolf M. J.\u00a0F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Delikt en Delinkwent"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","volume-title":"Meer dan een kwestie van tijd: de verlenging van de tbs\u2010maatregel [More Than a Matter of Time: The Extension of TBS]","author":"Spaendonck R. 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