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Thirty\u2010eight substance\u2010dependent inpatients were compared with 30 community controls on performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail\u2010Making Test\u2010B, the Stroop Color Word Test, the Wais\u2010II Digit Span, and the Iowa Gambling Task. Recent alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity were also assessed. As hypothesized, individuals with substance dependence exhibited poorer executive functioning. Family history status was modestly related to impaired performance on tests designed to measure the integrity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In particular, substance\u2010dependent, family history positive individuals performed less well on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test than substance\u2010dependent individuals without a family history. Digit Span performances were worse among family history positive controls when compared with family history negative controls. Impulsive personality traits\u2014specifically, difficulty thinking before acting (Urgency)\u2014were related, as hypothesized, to executive functioning. Results indicate that family history status confers an increased risk of impairment beyond that conferred by recent substance abuse, and that impulsive personality traits are related to performance on tests of executive functions. Implications for criminality are discussed. 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