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Data from 34 sites (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,349) in a federally funded cooperative, the <jats:italic>Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies<\/jats:italic> (CJDATS), were analyzed. Among parolees referred to substance abuse treatment, self\u2010reports for the six\u2010month period before the arrest resulting in their incarceration revealed frequent problems with both substance use and mental health. For most offenders with substance use problems, the quantity of alcohol consumed and the frequency of drug use were associated with a greater probability of self\u2010reported violence. Mental health problems were not indicative of increases in violent behavior, with the exception of antisocial personality problems, which were associated with violence. The paper emphasizes the importance of providing substance abuse treatment in relation to violent behavior among offenders with mental health problems being discharged to the community. 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