{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:46:00Z","timestamp":1774691160870,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,24]],"date-time":"2009-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behavioral Sci &amp; The Law"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disinhibition and addictive behaviors are related and carry moral implications. Both typically involve diminished consideration of negative consequences, which may result in harm to oneself or others. Disinhibition may occur on state and trait levels, and addictive substances may elicit disinhibitory states, particularly when intoxication is reached. Data suggest that trait disinhibition and addictions may be conceptualized as involving misdirected motivation with underlying biological bases including genetic factors, alterations in neurotransmitter systems and differences in regional brain function. The influences of intoxication on the brain share similarities with cognitive impairments in individuals with chronic substance abuse and those with trait disinhibition related to frontal lobe injuries. These findings raise questions about volitional impairment and morality. Although impaired volition related to disinhibition and addictive behaviors has been studied from multiple perspectives, additional research is needed to further characterize mechanisms of impairment. Such findings may have important implications in multiple legal and psychiatric domains. Copyright \u00a9 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,24]],"date-time":"2009-02-24T10:11:16Z","timestamp":1235470276000},"page":"237-259","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Behavioral and neurological foundations for the moral and legal implications of intoxication, addictive behaviors and disinhibition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Leeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon E.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc N.","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Big book","author":"Alcoholics Anonymous","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language","author":"American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.08.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.384"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/14833"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsas.2002.s14.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.1.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1584"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-13-05473.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158136"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-199809010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Responsibility for addiction","volume":"30","author":"Bonnie R. J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2007.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Diminished capacity as an alternative to McNaghten in California law","volume":"20","author":"Bromberg W.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wco.0000247613.28859.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Descartes' error: Emotion, reason and the human brain","author":"Damasio A. R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"The moral child: Nurturing children's natural moral growth","author":"Damon W.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674033177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students (BASICS): A harm reduction approach","author":"Dimeff L. A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005481"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.5.432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"172","article-title":"Intoxication and settled insanity: a finding of not guilty by reason of insanity","volume":"35","author":"Feix J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1401.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"891","volume-title":"The handbook of affective sciences","author":"Frank R. H.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01269-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Gert B.(2008). The definition of morality. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.) The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2008 edition). Retrieved October 10 2008 fromhttp:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/fall2008\/entries\/morality\u2010definition\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1308.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1642"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90252-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2007.00378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00158-X","article-title":"Drug abusers show impaired performance in a laboratory test of decision making","volume":"38","author":"Grant S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167299025001006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"852","volume-title":"Handbook of affective sciences","author":"Haidt J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(96)00235-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008909"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.93576112.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1993.54.700"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005483"},{"issue":"353","key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","first-page":"357","article-title":"The meanings of morality","volume":"4","author":"Kagan J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1143952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1583"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9456977.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl095"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1771","article-title":"Behavioral disinhibition induced by trypophan depletion in nonalcoholic young men with multigenerational family histories of paternal alcoholism","volume":"156","author":"LeMarquand D. G.","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1999.60.537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1978.39.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810130075010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810180067010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.8.2.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.2.181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0116-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1100907"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.21.4.508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.11.1783"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.163.5.764"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J374v03n02_06"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"The brain\u2010disordered defendant: neuroscience and legal insanity in the twenty\u2010first century","volume":"56","author":"Redding R. E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"American University Law Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0800472X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1378"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2820058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.9611038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00741.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005494"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"Satel S. L.(1998). Don't forget the addict's role in addiction.The New York Times. Retrieved October 16 2008 fromhttp:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9D06EED7153AF937A35757C0A96\u2010 E958260."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830030020005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Morality and health","author":"Shweder R. A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Substance abuse and criminality","volume":"27","author":"Sinha R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01357-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"Animal models in alcohol research","volume":"24","author":"Tabakoff B.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol Research and Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511499500"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.7.727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1078"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.2.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","unstructured":"United States v. Garcia. (1996). 94 F 3d 57 (2nd Cir. 1996)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","unstructured":"United States v. Knott. (1990). 894 F 2d 1119 (9th Cir. 1990)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00317-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","first-page":"303","volume-title":"Contemporary debates in metaphysics","author":"Vihvelin K.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830030080012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI18533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(90)90007-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386830a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","first-page":"463","article-title":"Irresistible impulse: Psychiatric viewpoint","volume":"8","author":"Weil F.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Medicine and Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000075551.02714.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.4.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","volume-title":"International classification of diseases, tenth edition (ICD\u201010)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1919"}],"container-title":["Behavioral Sciences &amp; the Law"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbsl.855","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/bsl.855","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T04:38:21Z","timestamp":1694493501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bsl.855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,24]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/bsl.855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.855","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0735-3936","1099-0798"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0735-3936","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-0798","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,24]]}}}