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In this report, we have cultured rat jejunum explants <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and integrated them with hepatocyte cultures. We have also investigated the changes in jejunum function at different locations since spatial variations in intestinal functions have been reported previously. We divided the length of the rat jejunum into three distinct regions of approximately 9 cm each. We defined the regions as proximal (adjacent to the duodenum), medial, and distal (adjacent to the ileum). Spatiotemporal variations in functions were observed between these regions within the jejunum. Alkaline phosphatase activity (a marker of enterocyte function), decreased twofold between the proximal and distal regions at 4 hr. Lysozyme activity (a marker of Paneth cell function) increased from the proximal to the distal jejunum by 40% at 24\u2009hr. Mucin\u2010covered areas, a marker of goblet cell function, increased by twofold between the proximal and distal segments of the jejunum at 24\u2009hr. When hepatocytes were integrated with proximal jejunum explants, statistically higher urea (~2.4\u2010fold) and mucin (57%) production were observed in the jejunum explants. The integrated intestine\u2010liver cultures can be used as a platform for future investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T11:59:17Z","timestamp":1570535957000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The assembly of integrated rat intestinal\u2010hepatocyte cultures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anjaney","family":"Kothari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9997-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Padmavathy","family":"Rajagopalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia"},{"name":"ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118833001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623313518113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00699"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1987.tb10559.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(02)00040-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2012.18.4.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(93)90501-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Current topics in microbiology and immunology","author":"Maresca M","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cptx.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-011-9187-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0lc00043d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Gastrointestinal physiology","author":"Johnson LR","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"The length and mucosal surface area of the small and large gut in young rats","volume":"108","author":"Permezel N","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(00)00136-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90848-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1983.244.5.G507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000198124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092290209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1954.sp005037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.50.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2003.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198702000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"191","article-title":"Effects of fasting on mucosal dimensions in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the rat","volume":"142","author":"Ross G","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modgep.2005.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00292.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2744(74)90175-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814559404"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(91)90287-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.260.2.C183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens2010055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.10.010"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering &amp; 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