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Although hormone replacement therapy is a common treatment for menopausal syndrome, there are still many side effects and challenges hindering research. In this study, thioglycolic acid (TGA)\u2010immobilized chitosan mucoadhesive gel was synthesized by a new method of low concentration of 1,4\u2010butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) would encapsulate di(2\u2010ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as an alternative hormone replacement therapy for menopausal syndrome. The efficacies of the DEHP\u2010containing TGA\u2010chitosan gel (CT\u2010D) were confirmed and evaluated by materials characterization and in vitro study. Results showed that CT\u2010D was not cytotoxic and had better mucoadhesive ability than chitosan. The animal model was constructed 1\u2009month after bilateral ovariectomy in SD rats. CT\u2010D was administered intravaginally every 3\u2009days. Bodyweight, wet weight of the uterus and vagina, vaginal smears, histology, blood element analysis, and serological analysis was used to assess the ability of the material to relieve menopausal syndrome. The results indicated that the combination of the sustained release of DEHP and mucoadhesive TGA\u2010immobilized chitosan allows the developed CT\u2010D to relieve the menopausal syndrome through low concentrations of DEHP, which falls in the safety level of the tolerable daily intake of DEHP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T08:30:03Z","timestamp":1636533003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development of di(2\u2010ethylhexyl) phthalate\u2010containing thioglycolic acid immobilized chitosan mucoadhesive gel as an alternative hormone therapy for menopausal syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"I\u2010Hsuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University  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