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However, injected cells are difficult to track in vivo. And there is microbiota in oral cavity, the dysbiosis of which leads to the damage and loss of periodontal tissue. Here, we demonstrated an enhanced periodontal repair was due to an altered oral microbiota. Periodontal defects were surgically prepared in rats, and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) labeled by superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles (PC\u2010SPIO) were injected, with PDLSCs and saline treatments as controls. Detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological staining, PC\u2010SPIO was major at limited areas in regenerated periodontal tissues. PC\u2010SPIO\u2010treated rats achieved better periodontal regeneration than the other two groups. Concurrently, the oral microbiota of PC\u2010SPIO\u2010treated rats was changed, presenting SPIO\u2010Lac as a biomarker. SPIO\u2010Lac assisted periodontal repair in vivo, inhibited the inflammation of macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and antibacterial in vitro. Therefore, our study proved that SPIO\u2010labeled cells can be tracked in periodontal defect and highlighted a potential positive role of an oral microbiota in periodontal regeneration, suggesting the possibility of periodontal repair promotion by manipulating oral microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T06:48:48Z","timestamp":1670914128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An altered oral microbiota induced by injections of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle\u2010labeled periodontal ligament stem cells helps periodontal bone regeneration in rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zihan","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Nanjing Medical University  Nanjing Jiangsu People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Jiangsu 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