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Photobiomodulation (PBM) may provide a viable therapeutic approach using red or near\u2010infrared light to promote recovery after SCI by mitigating neuroinflammation and preventing neuronal apoptosis. Our current study aimed to optimize PBM dose regimens and develop and validate the efficacy of an invasive PBM delivery paradigm for SCI. Dose optimization studies were performed using a serum withdrawal model of injury in cultures of primary adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGN). Implantable and transcutaneous PBM delivery protocols were developed and validated using cadaveric modeling. The efficacy of PBM in promoting recovery after SCI in vivo was studied in a dorsal column crush injury model of SCI in adult rats. Optimal neuroprotection in vitro was achieved between 4 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">and<\/jats:styled-content> 22\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. 11\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> for 1\u2009min per day (0.66\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) increased cell viability by 45% over 5\u2009days (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.0001), increasing neurite outgrowth by 25% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01). A method for invasive application of PBM was developed using a diffusion\u2010tipped optogenetics fiber optic. Delivery methods for PBM were developed and validated for both invasive (iPBM) and noninvasive (transcutaneous) (tcPBM) application. iPBM and tcPBM (24\u2009mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> at spinal cord, 1\u2009min per day (1.44\u2009J\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) up to 7\u2009days) increased activation of regeneration\u2010associated protein at 3\u2009days after SCI, increasing GAP43<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> axons in DRGN from 18.0% (control) to 41.4%\u2009\u00b1\u200910.5 (iPBM) and 45.8%\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4 (tcPBM) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05). This corresponded to significant improvements at 6\u2009weeks post\u2010injury in functional locomotor and sensory function recovery (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01), axonal regeneration (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01), and reduced lesion size (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.01). Our results demonstrated that PBM achieved a significant therapeutic benefit after SCI, either using iPBM or tcPBM application and can potentially be developed for clinical use in SCI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T02:49:16Z","timestamp":1714099756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Implantable and transcutaneous photobiomodulation promote neuroregeneration and recovery of lost function after spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3222-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre 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UK"},{"name":"School of Dentistry University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Centre for Trauma Sciences Research University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre University Hospitals Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Phototherapy Research Group, School of Dentistry University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Centre for Trauma Sciences Research University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6267-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubair","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Institute of Inflammation and 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