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Human skin equivalents (HSE) aim to reproduce in vitro the structure and function of the native skin tissue. However, HSEs typically lack skin\u2010resident immune cells, which could play a key role in the inflammatory response induced by pollution exposure. We outline the development of a HSE\u2010containing MUTZ\u20103\u2010derived Langerhans cells (MUTZ\u20103\u2010LCs), which show dendritic morphology and Langerhans cell marker expression. We demonstrated that HSE\u2010containing MUTZ\u20103\u2010LC have lower basal levels of proinflammatory cytokines, but topical stimulation with allergens and irritant compounds induced a greater inflammatory response in these models compared to HSE without immune cells. To study the effect of pollution, we created a technique to apply diesel particulate matter (DPM) to HSEs. Though our microscopic analysis demonstrated that DPM does not penetrate the stratum corneum, we showed that DPM did induce production of proinflammatory cytokines, but notably only in HSEs containing MUTZ\u20103\u2010LCs. These data suggest that topical exposure to air pollution can induce cutaneous inflammation and that skin\u2010resident immune cells contribute to this response. This highlights the significance of immune\u2010competent HSEs to the study of exogenous stressors in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:44:30Z","timestamp":1734137070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing the impact of airborne particulate pollution on human skin utilizing a novel human skin equivalent containing <scp>MUTZ<\/scp>\u20103\u2010derived Langerhans cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4180-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences Durham University  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"DiColandrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Procter &amp; Gamble, Mason Business &amp; Innovation Center  Cincinnati Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Przyborski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences Durham University  Durham UK"},{"name":"Reprocell Europe Ltd  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.New WHO global air quality guidelines aim to save millions of lives from air pollution. 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