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We aim to reprogram these immune cells to promote a less inflammatory and more pro\u2010regenerative environment. Herein, we investigated the window in time during which poly(lactide\u2010co\u2010glycolide) nanoparticles (NPs) administration can successfully modulate the immune response and promote functional sparing. The dynamics of immune cell infiltration and secondary tissue damage were studied following the injection of NPs intravenously every 24\u2009h for 7\u2009days following injury, with the first injection starting at 2, 4, or 24\u2009hours post\u2010injury (hpi). At 7\u2009days post\u2010injury (dpi), early NP intervention decreased the number of infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils, but delaying treatment until 24\u2009hpi increased the number of neutrophils above control. All mice that received NPs had greater neuronal sparing contralateral to the injury, but mice that received NPs at early timepoints had greater neuromuscular junction innervation and motor endplate sparing. The increased sparing of neurons and neural circuits in the 2\u2009hpi NP group corresponded with increased motor function, as measured by a ladder beam test. Collectively, these results suggest that early intervention with NPs can modulate the inflammatory response and preserve motor function and circuits following SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T01:40:42Z","timestamp":1745977242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early nanoparticle intervention preserves motor function following cervical spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1362-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Hocevar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Michigan Medical School  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecelia R.","family":"Crowther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha R.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brain 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