{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:36:47Z","timestamp":1791895007740,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA260340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA260340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008510","name":"University of Maryland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008510","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering &amp; Transla Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chemical ablative therapies offer effective alternatives for tumor treatment, particularly when surgical resection or heat\u2010based ablation therapies are unsuitable due to the tumor's stage, location, or extent. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves delivering light\u2010activated, tumor\u2010killing photosensitizers, and percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), which involves the direct injection of pure ethanol into tumor nodules, are two non\u2010heat\u2010based chemical ablative methods that have been proven safe with low adverse effects for unresectable tumors. We have investigated combining these two treatments using a new formulation known as BPD\u2010EC\u2010EtOH. This formulation includes three components: (1) benzoporphyrin derivative, a commonly used photosensitizer for PDT; (2) ethyl cellulose (EC), an FDA\u2010approved polymer that forms a gel in the water phase and enhances drug retention; and (3) pure ethanol for PEI application. Here, we demonstrated the localization of BPD and confirmed that it retains its photochemical properties within the EC\u2010EtOH gel in tissue\u2010mimicking phantoms and in swine liver tissues. We also characterized EC's ability to act as a light\u2010scattering agent, which effectively extends light propagation distance in both in vitro models and ex vivo porcine liver tissues, potentially overcoming the limitations of light penetration in pigmented organs. We then investigated the therapeutic effects of BPD\u2010EC\u2010EtOH using two well\u2010established subcutaneous animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, both in single\u2010 and multi\u2010cycle combination treatments, showing tumor\u2010killing effects. These findings highlight the potential of BPD\u2010EC\u2010EtOH as a novel therapeutic approach, effective with either single or multi\u2010cycle treatment sessions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T06:35:14Z","timestamp":1747290914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synergizing photodynamic therapy and ethanol ablation: Light\u2010activatable sustained\u2010exposure ethanol injection technology for enhanced tumor ablation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Chen\u2010Hua","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7839-7277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Quinlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"McNaughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele L.","family":"Kaluzienski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew F.","family":"Starost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5198-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna L.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"},{"name":"Marlene &amp; Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5406-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huang\u2010Chiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fischell Department of Bioengineering University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"},{"name":"Marlene &amp; Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland School of Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Minimally invasive local therapies for liver cancer","volume":"11","author":"Li D","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56051-5_42"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00240-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2008.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_959_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.2002.6365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.67.5561"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","article-title":"Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of pancreatic cancer\u2010a critical review and practical consideration","volume":"10","author":"Burkon P","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prro.2019.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3672"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00196-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092491"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2014.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S179398442130003X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy for Bile Duct Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","author":"Lee KH"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"Tumor Ablation With Talaporfin Sodium and Interstitial Light Emitting Diodes Treating Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)","author":"Wang S\u2010S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2003.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.TPS4204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2018.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","volume-title":"Padeliporfin VTP Treatment for Unresectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","author":"Abi\u2010Jaoudeh N"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.ra.2015-0296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2011.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.6.1003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","volume-title":"Intracavitary Photodynamic Therapy as an Adjuvant to Resection of Glioblastoma or Gliosarcoma Using IV Photobac\u00ae","author":"Potter RFWR","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051509"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","volume-title":"Photodynamic Therapy in Treating Patients With Precancerous Esophageal Conditions or Early Stage Esophageal Cancer","author":"Nava HR"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13353"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"NavaMHR.Photodynamic Therapy Using HPPH in Treating Patients With Obstructive. 1997 January \u2013 2004 June."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.TPS1121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for gynecological diseases and breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Shishkova N","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020483"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","volume-title":"Photodynamic Therapy With Talaporfin Sodium (LS11) in Treating Patients with Refractory Colorectal Liver Metastases","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","volume-title":"Study of the Litx\u2122 System Combined with Chemotherapy in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21946"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200106000-00030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2pp25265a"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-01168-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2020.02.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2880155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(00)00082-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-0391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2023.215350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2012.02838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2010.4.S1.S105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01888537"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09371-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2019.2960049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10696"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed039p333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02594089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","article-title":"A light blanket for intraoperative photodynamic therapy","volume":"7380","author":"Hu Y","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3181c15963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2003)0770319DATOTF2.0.CO2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2010.00760.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010190"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","volume-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Version 1.2024)","author":"N.C.C. Network","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","volume-title":"Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (Version 2.2024)","author":"N.C.C. Network","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13651820410024067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1280660"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30751-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-008-9838-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-015-0516-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2021.1983037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2007.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25000\/acem.740365"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18621\/eurj.736340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)32066-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201814098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v25.i1-2.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/3.684093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3494561"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-01461-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202003866"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00032-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00281.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(86)80120-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00781"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/f29726800586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(95)07174-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1994.tb05042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118640"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13196"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07632-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194669"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.72465"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13253"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b07031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-3989-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adi3441"}],"container-title":["Bioengineering &amp; Translational Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/btm2.70028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:11:13Z","timestamp":1760011873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/btm2.70028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/btm2.70028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/btm2.70028","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2380-6761","2380-6761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2380-6761","type":"print"},{"value":"2380-6761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70028"}}