{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:41:56Z","timestamp":1788295316551,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM142588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM142588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017015","name":"Georgia Tech Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008065","name":"Georgia Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering &amp;amp; Transla Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Electroporation\u2010mediated delivery offers a promising alternative to carrier\u2010based nucleic acid delivery methods for vaccination and therapeutic applications. Carrier\u2010based systems like lipid nanoparticles and viral vectors often suffer from poor in vivo stability, immunogenicity, toxicity, and off\u2010target effects. To overcome the high cost, bulkiness, lack of portability, and painful administration of traditional electroporators, we developed the RotoPatch family of small, low\u2010cost, hand\u2010held piezoelectric electroporators that use microneedle electrodes for intradermal delivery of nucleic acids. Notably, these RotoPatch devices use a single rotary motion to administer multiple electroporation pulses through microneedle electrodes, that localize the electric field to the upper layers of the skin. In animals, RotoPatch facilitated greater intracellular uptake of firefly luciferase\u2010encoded mRNA in mice and green fluorescent protein\u2010encoded plasmid DNA in rats, as confirmed by bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging, respectively. RotoPatch produced similar in vivo expression as electroporation using a manually actuated, multi\u2010pulse piezoelectric electroporator (ePatch) and a battery\u2010powered, multi\u2010pulse electroporator (eIgniter). These findings highlight the potential of multi\u2010pulse piezoelectric microneedle electroporation for intradermal nucleic acid delivery as a platform for gene therapy and vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T04:48:56Z","timestamp":1757393336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Low\u2010cost, handheld, multi\u2010pulse electroporators for simplified nucleic acid delivery in skin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1918-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaj","family":"Rohilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1047-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erkan","family":"Azizoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9357-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sion","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6640-4515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atharva","family":"Lele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Prausnitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9788-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saad","family":"Bhamla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; 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