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Experimental and clinical research is ongoing in order to find safe airway substitutes; however, the strategies under investigation suffer from major limitations, such as unsatisfactory re\u2010epithelialization, insufficient long\u2010term mechanical support, and complex ex vivo procedures. A ready\u2010to\u2010use and stable patch, able to support airway functionality and tissue regeneration, remains a significant challenge. Here we present the development of an off\u2010the\u2010shelf composite patch consisting of a resorbable polymer to aid epithelial restoration and a 3D\u2010printed multimaterial structure to guarantee effective mechanical stability. To evaluate the prosthesis performance, we designed a pilot study on a large animal setting, monitoring postoperative survival and airway healing for up to 60\u2009days. An anterior cervical tracheal defect was created on four domestic pigs and patched with the prosthesis. The results were satisfactory in terms of postoperative survival, as only one animal died before the end of the study. However, endoscopic findings revealed a worsening stenosis due to wound contraction, granulation tissue formation, and partial displacement of the prosthesis. These findings were confirmed at histology, where a prominent inflammatory infiltrate was evident. Blood tests performed during follow\u2010up did not reveal any systemic inflammatory reaction. Overall, we believe that further optimization of the prosthesis design and materials is necessary in order to create an ideal \u201coff\u2010the\u2010shelf\u201d tracheal substitute. Nevertheless, this pilot study provides promising results and novel insights into a clinically relevant research area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T16:03:37Z","timestamp":1769529817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Use of a composite,\n                    <scp>3D<\/scp>\n                    \u2010printed patch as a partial airway replacement: A pilot study on the porcine model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-2403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Mammana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health University of Padua  Padua 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