{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:55:14Z","timestamp":1791197714100,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering &amp;amp; Transla Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study introduces hollow sponge\n                    <jats:italic>Haliclona<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. spicules (oSHS) as an innovative microneedle technology for enhancing the skin delivery of biomacromolecules. oSHS were developed by etching SHS in 2\u2009mol\/L NaOH for 48\u2009h, optimizing hollow channel formation while preserving structural integrity. In vitro experiments demonstrated that oSHS significantly enhanced drug absorption efficiency compared to SHS, microneedles, roller microneedles, and iontophoresis alone. Combining oSHS with iontophoresis yielded a synergistic effect, increasing biomacromolecule delivery by up to 35.09% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.05). In vivo skin delivery of ovalbumin (OVA) via oSHS elicited immune responses comparable to subcutaneous injection, with elevated OVA\u2010specific IgE and IL\u20104 levels. A mathematical model was developed to describe oSHS\u2010mediated permeation, revealing dose\u2010dependent delivery and uniform distribution of biomacromolecules in deep skin layers, contrasting with localized accumulation from injections. Safety assessments confirmed minimal and reversible skin irritation, resolving within 72\u2009h. These findings highlight oSHS as a safe, efficient, and scalable strategy for skin delivery of proteins, nucleic acids, and other macromolecules, offering significant potential for non\u2010invasive therapeutic applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:25:35Z","timestamp":1779186335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhanced skin delivery of biomacromolecules using hollow sponge spicules"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Dezhen","family":"Mou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biological Science &amp; Technology, College of Ocean &amp; Earth Sciences Xiamen University  Xiamen China"},{"name":"State\u2010Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5010-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biological Science &amp; Technology, College of Ocean &amp; Earth Sciences Xiamen University  Xiamen China"},{"name":"State\u2010Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengnan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biological Science &amp; Technology, College of Ocean &amp; Earth Sciences Xiamen University  Xiamen China"},{"name":"State\u2010Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The College of Materials Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biological Science &amp; Technology, College of Ocean &amp; Earth Sciences Xiamen University  Xiamen China"},{"name":"State\u2010Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology Xiamen University  Xiamen China"},{"name":"Fujian Ocean Innovation Center  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinye","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marinesharp Therapeutics Co. 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