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Herein, we fabricated rapamycin\u2010nanoliposomes (rapa\u2010lipos) via ultrasonic dispersion, thin\u2010film dispersion, and filtration to improve rapamycin bioavailability, investigating their role in inhibiting the senescence phenotype of NP cells through\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010gal staining, lysosomal staining, transmission electron microscopy, ELISA, and cell cycle inhibitors. The mechanistic effects of rapa\u2010lipos on mTORC1, NLRP3\/Caspase\u20101 pathway (NCP) and autophagy\u2013lysosomal pathway (ALP) were also analyzed by western blotting, immunofluorescence (IF), Si\u2010RNA (raptor), and PCR. In vivo, rapa\u2010lipos were injected into rat intervertebral disc with IL\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010induced degeneration, assessed via HE staining, x\u2010ray, MRI, and IF. Rapa\u2010lipos exhibited high encapsulation efficiency, favorable drug loading, uniform particle size, and controlled release, suppressing NP cell senescence\u2010related phenotypes (morphological changes, elevated IL\u20101\u03b2\/TNF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    secretion, increased\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010gal activity, lysosomal dysfunction, upregulated P21\/P16 and reduced P27 expression). Mechanistically, rapa\u2010lipos targeted\u2010inhibited mTORC1, then blocked NCP and activated ALP to maintain NP cell quiescence. In vivo, x\u2010ray, MRI and histological evaluation confirmed rapa\u2010lipos mitigated intervertebral disc degeneration. Collectively, rapa\u2010lipos target mTORC1\u2010mediated NCP and ALP to inhibit NP cell senescence, offering a promising strategy for intervertebral disc degeneration prevention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:26:54Z","timestamp":1785817614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rapamycin\u2010nanoliposomes target the\n                    <scp>mTORC1<\/scp>\n                    \u2010mediated autophagy\u2013lysosomal and\n                    <scp>NLRP3<\/scp>\n                    \/Caspase\u20101 pathways to inhibit nucleus pulposus cell senescence in intervertebral discs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-7991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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