{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T05:27:57Z","timestamp":1786339677488,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioengineering &amp; Transla Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global mortality, yet traditional preclinical models fail to accurately capture the physiological and genetic complexity of the human heart, hindering the development of targeted therapies. Cardiac microphysiological systems (cardiac MPS), including self\u2010organizing human cardiac organoids and engineered cardiac tissue models, have emerged as promising human\u2010relevant platforms for recapitulating selected aspects of cardiac development, tissue organization, and function. This review evaluates current strategies for the construction of these cardiac microphysiological systems through a systematic comparison of two major approaches: development\u2010driven self\u2010organization based on intrinsic stem\u2010cell programs, and engineering\u2010driven assembly supported by bioactive materials, 3D bioprinting, and microfluidic technologies. To address key bottlenecks limiting translational utility, we outline a multidimensional maturity assessment framework encompassing sarcomeric ultrastructural organization, the fidelity of electromechanical coupling, and metabolic reprogramming toward fatty acid \u03b2\u2010oxidation. Furthermore, we discuss the translational applications of cardiac microphysiological systems in elucidating early cardiogenesis, modeling complex genetic and ischemic cardiovascular diseases, and enabling high\u2010throughput cardiotoxicity screening. Despite persistent challenges in building perfusable multi\u2010scale vascular networks, reducing batch\u2010to\u2010batch variability, and modeling multi\u2010organ crosstalk, the integration of cardiac microphysiological systems with spatial multi\u2010omics, next\u2010generation biomaterials, and artificial intelligence\u2010assisted culture systems may enhance their translational relevance, provided that these approaches are supported by rigorous benchmarking and cross\u2010laboratory validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.70167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:32:23Z","timestamp":1786336343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiac microphysiological systems in cardiovascular research: Construction paradigms, maturation trajectories, and translational 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9445-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqing","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7383-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and 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