{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:41:05Z","timestamp":1779208865644,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,4]],"date-time":"2015-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003132","name":"Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biotechnology Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This article examines the applicability of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to detect the applied virus medium volume (i.e., during sample filling), to evaluate the virus state and to distinguish between different vaccine doses in a freeze dried live, attenuated vaccine formulation. Therefore, different formulations were freeze dried after preparing them with different virus medium volumes (i.e., 30, 100, and 400 \u00b5l) or after applying different pre\u2010freeze\u2010drying sample treatments (resulting in different virus states); i.e., (i) as done for the commercial formulation; (ii) samples without virus medium (placebo); (iii) samples with virus medium but free from antigen; (iv) concentrated samples obtained via a centrifugal filter device; and (v) samples stressed by 96h exposure to room temperature; or by using different doses (placebo, 25\u2010dose vials, 50\u2010dose\u2010vials and 125\u2010dose vials). Each freeze\u2010dried product was measured directly after freeze\u2010drying with FTIR spectroscopy. The collected spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and evaluated at three spectral regions, which might provide information on the coated proteins of freeze dried live, attenuated viruses: (i) 1700\u20131600 cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (amide I band), 1600\u20131500 cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (amide II band) and 1200\u20131350 cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (amide III band). The latter spectral band does not overlap with water signals and is hence not influenced by residual moisture in the samples. It was proven that FTIR could distinguish between the freeze\u2010dried samples prepared using different virus medium volumes, containing different doses and using different pre\u2010freeze\u2010drying sample treatments in the amide III region. \u00a9 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers\n                    <jats:italic>Biotechnol. Prog<\/jats:italic>\n                    ., 31:1107\u20131118, 2015\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.2100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]],"date-time":"2015-05-08T19:12:53Z","timestamp":1431112373000},"page":"1107-1118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["FTIR spectroscopy for the detection and evaluation of live attenuated viruses in freeze dried vaccine formulations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Laurent","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology Ghent University Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"De Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Process Analytical Technology Ghent University Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Pierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Hoge Wei 10, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumya","family":"Pastoret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Hoge Wei 10, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Bonnegarde\u2010Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Hoge Wei 10, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Daoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoetis Hoge Wei 10, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Vervaet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent, 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