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Frequent adaptive evolution in the spike proteins of these embecoviruses and the potential for zoonotic transmission from a large animal reservoir necessitates the characterization of the immunogenic landscape of the spike proteins of embecoviruses. Here, we constructed nanoparticle vaccines displaying the spike antigens from OC43, HKU1 A, or HKU1 B, as well as a bivalent formulation incorporating spike antigens from OC43 and HKU1 A. Immunization of mice elicited spike\u2010specific IgG antibody responses, with endpoint titers demonstrating cross\u2010reactivity among clade\u2010matched viruses. Notably, the bivalent formulation elicited antibody responses comparable to those of monovalent vaccines against matched antigens. These findings inform future design of vaccines against human\u2010infecting embecoviruses and could serve as an important step toward a universal vaccine against common cold causing coronaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.88530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T08:23:50Z","timestamp":1781511830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and immunogenicity of nanoparticle vaccines displaying embecovirus spike proteins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Halfmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Wee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Terrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Kawaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA) University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3084-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi S.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical &amp; Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"},{"name":"Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"CherryJD KrogstadP.SARS: the first pandemic of the 21st century. (0031\u20103998 (Print))."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Milne\u2010PriceS MiazgowiczKF\u2010MVJ MunsterVJ.The emergence of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. (2049\u2010632X (Electronic))."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"YamayoshiS KawaokaY.Emergence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and its outlook. (2434\u20109194 (Electronic))."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"LiuDX LiangJQ FungTS.Human Coronavirus\u2010229E \u2010OC43 \u2010NL63 and \u2010HKU1 (Coronaviridae)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020578"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365\u2010020\u201000926\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"WilsonR KovacsDA\u2010OX CrosbyM HoAA\u2010O.Global epidemiology and seasonality of human seasonal coronaviruses: a systematic review. (2328\u20108957 (Print))."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00867\u201024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03054\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"ErlesK BrownlieJ.Canine respiratory coronavirus: an emerging pathogen in the canine infectious respiratory disease complex. 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