{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:42:29Z","timestamp":1790674949360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,20]],"date-time":"2004-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1082419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":110,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Skin ligaments (SL) (L.\n                    <jats:italic>retinacula cutis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are present extensively in the face, hands, feet, and in breast tissue, but have seldom been reported elsewhere in the body. The traditional histological view of the subcutaneous region is that it comprises a matrix of loose connective tissue devoid of fibrous specializations. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and distribution of skin ligaments. Eight embalmed cadavers (3 males, 5 females, 69\u201390 years of age) were used in this study. Tissue was prepared using the E12 plastination technique. Macroscopic and microscopic examination demonstrated the widespread presence in the limbs and most of the rest of the body of fibrous strands linking the base of the dermis and the superficial fibers of the underlying deep fascia. The morphology and distribution of these skin ligaments were similar in the individuals examined. Variations in the structure of the skin ligaments depended on the presence of underlying muscle, neurovascular bundles, intermuscular septa and adipose tissue. We conclude that skin ligaments are complex fibrous structures that are present over most of the body. They form an extensive peripheral network in the subcutaneous fat. These \u2018ligaments\u2019 seem to provide an anchorage of skin to deep fascia that is flexible and yet resistant to mechanical loading from multi\u2010directional forces. The use of the E12 plastination technique coupled with fluorescent confocal microscopy has been of benefit in visualizing and delineating SLs from other soft tissue structures in three planes. Clin. Anat. 17:287\u2013293, 2004. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.10203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,20]],"date-time":"2004-04-20T16:01:41Z","timestamp":1082476901000},"page":"287-293","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Skin ligaments:"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lance G.","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark N.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Surgical anatomy and blood supply of the fascial layers of the temporal region","volume":"77","author":"Abul\u2010Hassan HS","year":"1986","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"599","article-title":"Plantar aponeurosis and internal architecture of the ball of the foot","volume":"121","author":"Bojsen\u2010Moller F","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198901000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Strategies for nasolabial levitation","volume":"22","author":"Furnas DW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17770"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199601000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4179(93)90106-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"The use of free full thickness skin grafts in the treatment of complications of burns","volume":"14","author":"Metaizeau JP","year":"1981","journal-title":"Prog Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Clinically oriented anatomy","author":"Moore KL","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199809020-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.56507\/LPFJ4438","article-title":"The use of confocal microscopy for the examination of E12 plastinated human tissue","volume":"17","author":"Phillips M","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Intl Soc Plastination"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199203000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02844318609006296"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091940206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"333","article-title":"Skin deep fascia flap graft in infected vascular prosthesis","volume":"97","author":"Wang ZG","year":"1984","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199410000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"558","article-title":"Congenital ulnar drift and camptodactyly produced by malformation of the retaining ligaments of the skin","volume":"44","author":"Zancolli EA","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fca.10203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.10203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T20:25:17Z","timestamp":1700252717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.10203"}},"subtitle":["Regional distribution and variation in morphology"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.10203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.10203","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}