{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:55:14Z","timestamp":1792148114575,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anatomy and physiology of the cystic duct have been relatively neglected by anatomists and the function of the spiral mucosal folds or \u201cvalves\u201d of Heister, first described in 1732, remains obscure. The gross and microscopic anatomy of the cystic duct is reviewed together with results from laboratory investigations into the function of the cystic duct and its spirally arranged folds. The duct and spiral folds contain muscle fibers responsive to pharmacologic, hormonal, and neural stimuli. There is, however, no convincing evidence of a discrete muscular sphincter within the duct. Although the cystic duct is unlikely to play a major role in gallbladder filling and emptying, it appears to function as more than a passive conduit. Coordinated, graded muscular activity in the cystic duct in response to hormonal and neural stimuli may facilitate gallbladder emptying. The principal function of the internal spiral folds that are found in man and other animals may be to preserve patency of this narrow, tortuous tube rather than to regulate bile flow. Clin. Anat. 18:81\u201387, 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T21:16:36Z","timestamp":1107551796000},"page":"81-87","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cystic duct and Heister's \u201cvalves\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.D.","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196612000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","series-title":"Booth Laboratory Anatomy Series","volume-title":"Laboratory anatomy of the shark","author":"Ashley LM","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6640.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-192510010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018810315994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01299899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80084-5","article-title":"Cholecystokinin constricts the canine cystic duct","volume":"85","author":"Courtney DF","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/1998\/25781"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1622.1999.01728.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02958918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004217207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19971001)39:1<22::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"458","volume-title":"Anatomia Hepatis","author":"Glisson F","year":"1654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"190","volume-title":"Compendium Anatomicum Totem rem Anatomicam","author":"Heister L","year":"1732"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Compendium Anatomicum Totem rem Anatomicam","author":"Heister L","year":"1748"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"A study of the musculature of the entire extra\u2010hepatic biliary system, including that of the duodenal portion of the common bile\u2010duct and of the sphincter","volume":"90","author":"Hendrickson WF","year":"1898","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Hosp Bull"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.175.3.1750713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1991.01410300084012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.11.1406"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-001-0277-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)84898-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Gallbladder and biliary tract diseases","author":"Klinkspoor JH","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"1824","article-title":"Biliary dyskinesia: role of the sphincter of Oddi, gallbladder and cholecystokinin","volume":"38","author":"Krishnamurthy S","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"The function of the \u201cvalves\u201d of Heister","volume":"1","author":"Lichtenstein ME","year":"1937","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Aufbau und funktion der extrahepatischen gallenwage","author":"Lutkens U","year":"1926"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)46380-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The glands of the bile and pancreatic ducts: autoradiographic and histochemical studies","volume":"95","author":"McMinn RMH","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1926.01130100055005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<552::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32932-4","article-title":"A physiological model to study gallbladder function in primates","volume":"67","author":"O'Brien JJ","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"OoiRC LuoXY ChinSB JohnsonAG BirdNC.2003. Fluid\u2010structure interaction (F.S.I.) simulation of the human cystic duct. Summer Bioengineering Conference June 25\u201329 Florida.www.tulane.edu\/\u223csbc2003\/pdfdocs\/0811.PDF(last accessed 14.10.03)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(82)90145-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-192602010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"403","article-title":"Mucosa of the Heister valve in cholelithiasis","volume":"102","author":"Repassy C","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Resistance and sphincter\u2010like properties of the cystic duct","volume":"149","author":"Scott GW","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"G647","article-title":"Functional gradients in muscle cells isolated from gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct","volume":"255","author":"Severi C","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001310202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001330106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1990.01410160046010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"2102","article-title":"Cystic duct anatomy: an endoscopic perspective","volume":"88","author":"Shaw MJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711280407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.199.2.8668805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1012921"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"On the arteries and ducts in the hepatic pedicle","volume":"1","author":"Thompson IM","year":"1933","journal-title":"Univ Calif Pub Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"270","article-title":"The function of biliary \u201csphincters\u201d","volume":"16","author":"Torsoli A","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Roy Coll Surg Edin"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529009093127"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.1.g01ja093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000060680.92690.E9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801837098"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fca.20118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.20118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T07:29:30Z","timestamp":1696663770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.20118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.20118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.20118","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]}}}