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Using fluorescent dye labeling and 3D reconstruction in adult rats, this study clarifies the localization of motoneurons, which extend axons either directly through the SAN or through the ventral rami of cervical nerves to innervate the trapezius. DiI or DiI and DiO were used to label the ventral rami of cervical nerves entering the SAN, as well as branches of the SAN. We show that motoneurons whose axons pass through the ventral rami of cervical nerves and then enter the SAN, and those extending axons directly through the SAN are distributed within the same area. The neurons that extend axons through the SAN had a greater diameter than those axons that pass through the cervical nerves en route to the trapezius muscle. In addition, the axons that ultimately extend through the SAN exit the spinal cord dorsolaterally, while those that pass through the cervical nerves extend out the spinal cord through the ventral roots. We presume that the neurons that extend axons through the SAN are mainly \u03b1\u2010motoneurons and that those projecting axons through the cervical nerves to the trapezius are mainly \u03b3\u2010motoneurons. Taken together, these results could explain why patients in whom the SAN was used to treat brachial plexus injury retain some control of the trapezius muscle. Clin. Anat. 20:41\u201347, 2007. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,30]],"date-time":"2006-08-30T21:58:44Z","timestamp":1156975124000},"page":"41-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Localization of motoneurons that extend axons through the ventral rami of cervical nerves to innervate the trapezius muscle: A study using fluorescent dyes and 3D reconstruction 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