{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:34:15Z","timestamp":1792431255480,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,4]],"date-time":"2009-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eagle's syndrome represents symptoms brought on by compression of regional structures by elongation of the styloid process or ossification of the stylohyoid or stylomandibular ligaments. Watt Eagle described it for the first time in 1937, dividing it into two subtypes: the \u201cclassic syndrome\u201d and the \u201cstylo\u2010carotid artery syndrome.\u201d Many theories have been put forth regarding its pathogenesis. Depending on the underlying pathogenetic mechanism and the anatomical structures compressed or irritated by the styloid process, symptoms vary greatly, ranging from cervicofacial pain to cerebral ischemia. The syndrome generally follows tonsillectomy or trauma. Diagnosis is confirmed by radiological findings. Palpation of the styloid process in the tonsillar fossa and infiltration with anesthesia are also used in making the diagnosis. The treatment is primarily surgical; however, some conservative treatments have also been used. The current literature on Eagle's syndrome is reviewed, highlighting its often underestimated frequency and its clinical importance. Clin. Anat. 22:545\u2013558, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,5]],"date-time":"2009-05-05T02:13:10Z","timestamp":1241489590000},"page":"545-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":189,"title":["Eagle's syndrome: A review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Piagkou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Anagnostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Kouladouros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giannoulis","family":"Piagkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02390717"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.10.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.1995.11678067","article-title":"Eagle's syndrome caused by traumatic fracture of a mineralized stylohyoid ligament\u2014Literature review and a case report","volume":"13","author":"Babad MS","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348943304200310"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(78)90378-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"Eagle syndrome: Classic and carotid artery types","volume":"29","author":"Bafaqeeh SA","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"The ossification of the stylohyoid ligament and its relation to facial pain","volume":"116","author":"Balasubramanian S","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199703000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Panoramic radiography of the edentulous jaws\u2013A survey of 100 patients","volume":"66","author":"Barclay JK","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Z Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(93)90133-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Stylohyoid syndrome: A case report","volume":"49","author":"Bartoloni JA","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014556139307200508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2005.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Statistical radiographic study of the appearance and incidence of a lemurinic apophysis in the living human mandible","volume":"35","author":"Benazzi A","year":"1986","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Compendium of Human Anatomic Variation: Text, Atlas and World Literature","author":"Bergman RA","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Eagle's syndrome: An atypical cause of dysphonia","volume":"68","author":"Blatchford SJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100145402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"481","article-title":"The evaluation of elongated styloid process in panoramic radiographs in edentulous patients","volume":"29","author":"Bozkir MG","year":"1999","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2004.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"527","article-title":"Eagle's syndrome secondary surgical treatment. 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