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Clinical and epidemiological studies provide useful descriptions of injury patterns that occur in the real world, but their retrospective nature precludes a definitive analysis of the forces that caused the injury. Understanding the mechanism of ankle injuries is essential for developing countermeasures to prevent injury and for reconstructing injurious events. Knowledge of an injury's mechanism can also suggest potential associated injuries, which is helpful in diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published research on ankle injury mechanisms with an emphasis on biomechanical experiments on human cadavers. Injury patterns are described based on the principal axis of force or torque producing the injury in conjunction with off\u2010axis forces and out\u2010of\u2010plane foot positions. A mechanistic description of ankle injuries is complicated by the fact that the same mechanism can sometimes produce different injuries and the same injury can sometimes be caused by multiple mechanisms. Nonetheless, a framework for relating injury mechanisms and injury patterns is a valuable tool in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of ankle injuries. Clin. Anat. 24:350\u2013261, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,3]],"date-time":"2011-01-03T19:27:28Z","timestamp":1294082848000},"page":"350-361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Ankle injury mechanisms: Lessons learned from cadaveric studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"James R.","family":"Funk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0287"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Medical and Surgical Aspects of Aviation","author":"Anderson HG","year":"1919"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Are drivers more likely to injure their right or left foot in a frontal car crash: A crash and biomechanical investigation","volume":"46","author":"Assal M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Displaced intra\u2010articular calcaneal fractures","volume":"19","author":"Bajammal S","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078700800107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/cras.1996.0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BegemanPC PrasadP.1990.Human ankle impact response in dorsiflexion. 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