{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:16:28Z","timestamp":1788570988386,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) is accessed via the greater palatine canal (GPC) in an attempt to reduce bleeding during paranasal sinus surgery. This study aims to investigate the anatomy of the greater palatine foramen (GPF), GPC, and the PPF, with reference to PPF infiltration using three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of computer tomographic (CT) scan measurements. The CT scans of 50 patients were retrospectively evaluated. The morphology of the GPF, GPC, and the PPF was assessed in a three\u2010dimensional model. The thickness of the mucosa over the GPF was evaluated in the parasagittal plane. The mean length of the GPC was 13.8 \u00b1 2.0 mm, and the mean height of the PPF was 21.0 \u00b1 3.4 mm. The mean angles of the GPC in relation to the hard palate and the PPF were 67.4\u00b0 \u00b1 6.9\u00b0 and 159.8\u00b0 \u00b1 7.1\u00b0, respectively. The GPF was 16.2 \u00b1 1.3 mm lateral to the sagittal plane of the posterior nasal spine (PNS) and 6.1 \u00b1 1.7 mm anterior to the coronal plane of the PNS. The mean volume of the PPF was 1039.9 \u00b1 280.0 mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. The mean thickness of the mucosa overlying the GPF was 10.7 \u00b1 1.8 mm. We recommend that the PNS may be used as the bony landmark to locate the position of the GPF during PPF infiltration. The needle delivering the anesthetic should be bent 25 mm from the tip at a 45\u00b0 angle, and a 1\u2010ml injection of anesthetic should be administered in adults. Clin. Anat. 24:576\u2013582, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T21:14:17Z","timestamp":1299186857000},"page":"576-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["An anatomic study using three\u2010dimensional reconstruction for pterygopalatine fossa infiltration via the greater palatine canal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Se Hwan","family":"Hwang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Hoon","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung Guk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Hee","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Myung","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Comparative research of the thin transverse sectional anatomy and the multislice spiral CT on pterygopalatine fossa","volume":"20","author":"Chen CC","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk Neurosurg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2006.20.2949"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000226005.43817.a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(03)00038-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Relationship between pterygopalatine fossa volume and cephalic and upper facial indexes","volume":"26","author":"Gallardo CAC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.3085"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Intraoral maxillary nerve block: An anatomical and clinical study","volume":"30","author":"Malamed SF","year":"1983","journal-title":"Anesth Prog"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(79)90161-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-005-0016-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2000.107506"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2009.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198805000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Anatomy, Three\u2010dimensional Reconstruction, and Surgical Technique","author":"Wormald PJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240501900313"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fca.21134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.21134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T17:36:04Z","timestamp":1697477764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.21134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.21134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.21134","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]]}}}