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To minimize the morbidity of the operation, a surgeon must have an in\u2010depth understanding of the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and be able to apply this information to perform a safe and effective operation. This article will review the pertinent anatomy and embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the critical structures that lie in their proximity. This information should aid the surgeon in appropriate identification and preservation of the function of these structures and to avoid the pitfalls of the operation. Clin. Anat.  25:19\u201331, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]],"date-time":"2011-07-28T16:15:34Z","timestamp":1311869734000},"page":"19-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands and neurovascular relations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Mohebati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.R.","family":"Shaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","first-page":"xix","article-title":"Proceedings of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland","volume":"22","year":"1888","journal-title":"J Anat Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of human parathyroid glands","volume":"95","author":"Akerstrom G","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(97)70256-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004050100382"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parathyroid glands in thyroid surgery. 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