{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:09:16Z","timestamp":1770134956004,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,19]],"date-time":"2013-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this work was to study the morphometry and morphology of the round window (RW) and its relationships with the internal carotid artery, jugular bulb (JB), facial nerve and oval window (OW). Fifty cadaveric temporal bones were microdissected to expose the medial wall of the middle ear. The areas around the RW were cleared and its shape, height and width were noted. Its distances from the carotid canal (CC), jugular fossa (JF), facial canal (FC), and OW were measured. Oval, round, triangular, comma, quadrangular, and pear shapes of RW were observed. The average height and width of the RW were 1.62 \u00b1 0.77 mm and 1.15 \u00b1 0.39 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.4, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) between the height and width. The distances between the RW and the CC, JF, FC, and OW were in the ranges 4.39\u201311.05 mm, 0.38\u20138.65 mm, 2.99\u20136.3 mm, and 1.39\u20133.57 mm, respectively. In 8% of cases, the distance between the RW and the JF was &lt;1 mm. There were no statistically significant differences with regard to age group, gender, or side. Electrode insertion can be challenging in cases where the height and width of the RW are &lt;1 mm. The thin bone separating the roof of the JF from the RW (&lt;1 mm in 8%) highlights a potential risk of injury to the JB during cochleostomy placement. This information could be useful for selecting cochlear implant electrodes in order to avoid potential risks to vital neurovascular structures during implant surgery. Clin. Anat. 27:331\u2013336, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,19]],"date-time":"2013-12-19T13:36:37Z","timestamp":1387460197000},"page":"331-336","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Surgical anatomy of round window and its implications for cochlear implantation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Singla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education &amp; Research (PGIMER) Chandigarh India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Sahni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education &amp; Research (PGIMER) Chandigarh India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.K.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology &amp; Head\u2010Neck Surgery Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education &amp; Research (PGIMER) Chandigarh India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Loukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences St George's University  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education &amp; Research (PGIMER) Chandigarh India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480410018179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Anatomic observations on variations of the round window niche and its relationship to the tympanic membrane","volume":"2","author":"Aslan A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mediterr J Otol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-72992008000200007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"490","article-title":"Measurements of the facial recess anatomy: Implications for sparing the facial nerve and chorda tympani during posterior tympanotomy","volume":"89","author":"Calli C","year":"2010","journal-title":"ENT"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"158","article-title":"Standardized computed tomographic imaging and dimensions of the round window niche","volume":"11","author":"Cohen D","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Tinnitus J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894880975S202"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949110000903"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Round window area temporal bone section versus CT","volume":"39","author":"Duan JR","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31818a08e8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200308000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200202000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02911015","article-title":"Cochlear implant electrode insertion: Jacobson's nerve, a useful anatomical landmark","volume":"54","author":"Goravalingappa R","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"420","article-title":"Complications of cochlear implant surgery","volume":"104","author":"Hoffman RA","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(02)00523-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mao.0b013e3180577949"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"701","article-title":"Cochlear implant in the carotid canal","volume":"74","author":"Nevoux J","year":"2010","journal-title":"Case report and literature review. 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