{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:48:23Z","timestamp":1792176503880,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]],"date-time":"2013-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The giants of medicine and anatomy have each left their mark on the history of the cranial nerves, and much of the history of anatomic study can be viewed through the lens of how the cranial nerves were identified and named. A comprehensive literature review on the classification of the cranial names was performed. The identification of the cranial nerves began with Galen in the 2nd century AD and evolved up through the mid\u201020th century. In 1778, Samuel S\u00f6mmerring, a German anatomist, classified the 12 cranial nerves as we recognize them today. This review expands on the excellent investigations of Flamm, Shaw, and Simon et al., with discussion of the historical identification as well as the process of naming the human cranial nerves. Clin. Anat. 27:14\u201319, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]],"date-time":"2013-12-09T17:01:22Z","timestamp":1386608482000},"page":"14-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery University of Alabama Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph J.","family":"Griessenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery University of Alabama Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand N.","family":"Bosmia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences St. George's University Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Shane","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences St. George's University Grenada"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Birmingham Alabama"},{"name":"Centre of Anatomy and Human Identification Dundee University United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadali M.","family":"Shoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital Birmingham Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22033"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","first-page":"88","volume-title":"History and Bibliography of Anatomic Illustration. (M. Frank., Trans)","author":"Choulant L","year":"1852"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","unstructured":"ColumboR.1559.De re Anatomica Libri xv. Nicol\u00f2 Bevilacqua: Venice. p194\u2013199."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb36281.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1967.27.4.0285"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Elementa Physiologiae Corporis humani","author":"Haller A","year":"1762","journal-title":"Lausanne, Sumptibus M. M. Bousquet et Sociorum"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","first-page":"287","article-title":"Some priority questions arising from Thomas Willis' work on the brain","volume":"55","author":"Hierons R","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen","author":"Hyrtl J","year":"1863"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","volume-title":"Onomatologia Anatomica","author":"Hyrtl J","year":"1880"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Studies in Pre\u2010Vesalian Anatomy","author":"Lind LR","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"On a newly recognized nerve connected with the forebrain of selachians","volume":"26","author":"Locy WA","year":"1905","journal-title":"Anat Anz Bd"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","volume-title":"Galen on Anatomical Procedures; The Later Books","author":"Lyons MC","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","volume-title":"Dissertatio inauguralis medica anatomico physiologica de quinto pare nervorum cerebri","author":"Meckel JF","year":"1748"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-1921-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09647049609525666"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Medizingeschichte in Spektrum","author":"O'Malley CD","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000146604"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22053"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","first-page":"649","volume-title":"Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical","author":"Pick TP","year":"1887"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2012.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/10\/0765"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Abu Bakr Muhammad al\u2010Razi's (Rhazes) medical works","volume":"6","author":"Richter\u2010Bernburg L","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Secoli"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1973.tb110951.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980050607"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000306113.00916.7d"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","first-page":"xx","volume-title":"Vesalius on the human brain","author":"Singer CJ","year":"1952"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","first-page":"184","volume-title":"De basi encephali et originibus nervorum cranio egredentium libri quinque","author":"S\u00f6mmerring ST","year":"1778"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000167603.94026.ee"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_31_1","first-page":"ix","volume-title":"Anatomical techniques","author":"Tompsett DH","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22130"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fca.22345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.22345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T05:42:35Z","timestamp":1694497355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.22345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.22345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.22345","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]]}}}