{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:59:01Z","timestamp":1776182341566,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent literature has reported an association between maternal supine sleep position and stillbirth during late pregnancy. In this position the gravid uterus almost completely obstructs the inferior vena cava. A small number of women experience supine hypotension, thought to be due in part to inadequate collateral venous circulation. The aim of this paper is to review the literature describing the anatomy of the collateral venous system and in particular the azygos system, the abdominal portion of which has not been well studied. A systematic review was conducted using the electronic databases: Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Relevant anatomical and radiological literature concerning the azygos system in particular was reviewed. The search was limited to adult human studies only. The collateral venous system can be divided into superficial, intermediate and deep systems. The azygos system in particular provides immediate collateral venous circulation in the event of acute inferior vena caval obstruction. The abdominal portion of this pathway, including the ascending lumbar vein, has not been well studied and there are certain variations that can render it ineffective. In conclusion, the collateral venous system provides an alternative route for blood to flow back to the systemic circulation when acute occlusion of the inferior vena cava occurs in the supine position during late pregnancy. However, certain anatomical variations can render this pathway ineffective, and this could have implications for the development of supine hypotension and stillbirth in late pregnancy. Clin. Anat. 30:1087\u20131095, 2017. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T08:42:46Z","timestamp":1500540166000},"page":"1087-1095","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The collateral venous system in late pregnancy: A systematic review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Aimee","family":"Humphries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1546-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-3573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. Ali","family":"Mirjalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/69.4.508"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Surgical Anatomy","author":"Anson B","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198701000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)67418-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-194007000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090220040010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lumbar, renal, and associated parietal and visceral veins based upon a study of 100 specimens","volume":"107","author":"Davis RA","year":"1958","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Classification and calibration of the azygos venous system in 100 specimens","volume":"116","author":"Falla A","year":"1963","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/89.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1962.01300190014003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.102.2.363"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"705","article-title":"Ascending lumbar veins: Catheterization technique and radiographic anatomy","volume":"21","author":"Forsberg L","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"La veine cave inf\u00e9rieure infra\u2010r\u00e9nale","volume":"2","author":"Gillot C.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"70","article-title":"Development of the inferior vena cava in the light of recent research, with especial reference to certain abnormalities, and current descriptions of the ascending lumbar and azygos veins","volume":"64","author":"Gladstone RJ.","year":"1929","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980050604"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22354"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199710)249:2<285::AID-AR16>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20489"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1960.tb06987.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B7.13195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1965.tb00061.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5382.522"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"774","article-title":"Supine hypotensive syndrome","volume":"83","author":"Kinsella SM","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200408000-00036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/131.1.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"453","article-title":"The circulatory effects of recumbent postural change in late pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Lees MM","year":"1967","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2011.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1008-1275(08)60023-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Variations in the inferior caval veins and in their renal and lumbar communications","volume":"115","author":"Milloy FJ","year":"1962","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"The adrenal and renal veins of man and their connections with azygos and lumbar veins","volume":"146","author":"Monkhouse WS","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-006-9166-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.142.2.6459608"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000144354.36449.2f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.980070607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1963.tb15051.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330190117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20457"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.12.2.1561419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","volume-title":"Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice","author":"Standring S.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.21281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Les voies de d\u00e9rivation du syst\u00e8me cave inf\u00e9rieur","volume":"59","author":"Uhl J","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phl\u00e9bologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.241035061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20711"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-142"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fca.22959","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.22959","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T16:20:28Z","timestamp":1695572428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.22959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.22959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.22959","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]]}}}