{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T22:17:13Z","timestamp":1775254633811,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Our objective was to define the positions of the nerves around the brachial artery and, secondarily, to assess the risk of intraneural injection during dual guided axillary block. Sixty ultrasound\u2010guided axillary blocks were performed. The locations of the musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves relative to the brachial artery were determined. The position of the ulnar nerve was defined in relation to that of the brachial vein, and the position of the musculocutaneous nerve in relation to the coracobrachialis muscle. The locations were confirmed by neurostimulation and injection of local anesthetic was avoided when the current intensities were below 0.3\u2009mA. The incidences of intraneural injection and postblock neurological injury were recorded. The median nerve was located in the upper external quadrant in 89% of cases and the ulnar nerve in the upper internal quadrant (95%), superficial (19%), or deep (81%) to the brachial vein. The radial nerve was located in the lower internal quadrant in 97% of cases, and the musculocutaneous nerve in the lower external quadrant in 85%. Its disposition differed depending on its proximity to the artery (106\u2009\u00b1\u200926\u00b0) or whether it was inside the coracobrachialis muscle (119\u2009\u00b1\u200915\u00b0;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.023). Three intraneural injections were observed (0.5%, one in the median and two in the radial nerves) and no patient had postblock neuropathy. Our study evidences slight anatomical variability among the neural structures in the axillary region and confirms the safety of the axillary technique with double monitoring, using ultrasound to monitor the approach of the needle to the nerve and nerve stimulation at currents\u2009&gt;\u20090.3\u2009mA to reduce the incidence of intraneural injection. Clin. Anat., 2018. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 2018.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T09:59:41Z","timestamp":1540029581000},"page":"2-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Patterns of Distribution of the Nerves Around the Axillary Artery Evaluated by Ultrasound and Assessed by Nerve Stimulation During Axillary Block"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Gili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master Advanced Medical Competences in Regional Anesthesia Based on Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Abreo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology MC Mutual Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"G\u00f3Mez\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology MC Mutual Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3803-6522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma","family":"Sol\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology MC Mutual, Barcelona, Neuroscience Technologies SLP, Parc Cient\u00edfic Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Morros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Cl\u00ednica Diagonal Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9126-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Sala\u2010Blanch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21652"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000265159.55179.e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022012000200048"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-70942007000600012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2011.03729.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181e3a06f"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318168efa1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05168.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"Distribuci\u00f3n intraneural del nerviocubital","volume":"54","author":"Llusa M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2009.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e31821bbb47"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3182276d10"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"AD06","article-title":"Bilateral absence of musculocutaneous nerve: A case report","volume":"8","author":"Sarkar A","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Bloqueoaxilarecoguiado: Variacionesanat\u00f3micas de la disposici\u00f3n de los 4 nerviosterminales del plexobraquial en relaci\u00f3n con la arteria humeral","volume":"61","author":"Silva MG","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Esp Anesthesiol Reanim"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-00115550-199520060-00005","article-title":"The incidence of neurovascular complications following axillary brachial plexus block using a transarterial approach. A prospective study of 1,000 consecutive patients","volume":"20","author":"Stan TC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e31824611bf"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182a94454"}],"container-title":["Clinical Anatomy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fca.23225","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ca.23225","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T20:56:01Z","timestamp":1775249761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ca.23225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ca.23225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23225","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0897-3806","1098-2353"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0897-3806","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2353","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}